ArticleFrontiers in physiology2019
Glutaraldehyde - A Subtle Tool in the Investigation of Healthy and Pathologic Red Blood Cells.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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48 citing papers in PubMed, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Cryopreservation of Avian Erythrocytes Using Macromolecular Cryoprotectants.ACS polymers Au · 2026Article
- Active Force Dynamics in Red Blood Cells Under Non-Invasive Optical Tweezers.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Target cell cortical tension regulates macrophage trogocytosis.Nature cell biology · 2025Article
- Effects of biological fixation methods on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy signal.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- 3D traction force microscopy in human trabecular meshwork tissues: Effects of ROCK and YAP/TAZ inhibition in normal and glaucomatous tissues.Tissue & cell · 2025Article
- Combination of Polydopamine and Plasma Oxidation to Increase Tissue Integration of Polyurethane-Silicone Copolymers for Cardiovascular Implants.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Construction of Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution System using Red Blood Cell Ghosts as Scaffold.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Cellular determinants influence the red blood cell adsorption efficiency of poly(amine-Science advances · 2025Article
- Insights from lipidomics into the terminal maturation of circulating human reticulocytes.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- Single-Cell ICP-MS in Veterinary Research: Measuring Cisplatin Uptake in Healthy and Cancerous Animal Cell Lines.Veterinary medicine international · 2025Article
- Hemoglobin in Submicron Particles (HbMPs) Is Stabilized Against Oxidation.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Glutaraldehyde-enhanced autofluorescence as a general tool for 3D morphological imaging.Biology open · 2024Article
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- A miniaturized wash-free microfluidic assay for electrical impedance-based assessment of red blood cell-mediated microvascular occlusion.Biosensors & bioelectronics · 2024Article
- In vitro investigation of the mechanics of fixed red blood cells based on optical trap micromanipulation and image analysis.Biomedical optics express · 2024Article
- Erythrocytes membrane fluidity changes induced by adenylyl cyclase cascade activation: study using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching.European biophysics journal : EBJ · 2024Article
- AI based image analysis of red blood cells in oscillating microchannels.RSC advances · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glutaraldehyde is a well-known substance used in biomedical research to fix cells. Since hemolytic anemias are often associated with red blood cell shape changes deviating from the biconcave disk shape, conservation of these shapes for imaging in general and 3D-imaging in particular, like confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy or scanning probe microscopy is a common desire. Along with the fixation comes an increase in the stiffness of the cells. In the context of red blood cells this increased rigidity is often used to mimic malaria infected red blood cells because they are also stiffer than healthy red blood cells. However, the use of glutaraldehyde is associated with numerous pitfalls: (i) while the increase in rigidity by an application of increasing concentrations of glutaraldehyde is an analog process, the fixation is a rather digital event (all or none); (ii) addition of glutaraldehyde massively changes osmolality in a concentration dependent manner and hence cell shapes can be distorted; (iii) glutaraldehyde batches differ in their properties especially in the ratio of monomers and polymers; (iv) handling pitfalls, like inducing shear artifacts of red blood cell shapes or cell density changes that needs to be considered, e.g., when working with cells in flow; (v) staining glutaraldehyde treated red blood cells need different approaches compared to living cells, for instance, because glutaraldehyde itself induces a strong fluorescence. Within this paper we provide documentation about the subtle use of glutaraldehyde on healthy and pathologic red blood cells and how to deal with or circumvent pitfalls.
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