ReviewJournal of the National Cancer Institute2019
Smoking, Alcohol, and Biliary Tract Cancer Risk: A Pooling Project of 26 Prospective Studies.
Review in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- A review of the relationship between dimensions of alcohol consumption and the burden of disease: 2026 update including Mendelian randomisation studies.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Alcohol consumption and the risks of morbidity and mortality across 39 diseases and conditions: A population-based cohort study in Korea.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Green chemistry for prostate health: exploring nature's toolbox against cancer, inflammation, and hyperplasia.Molecular diversity · 2026Review
- Does your job really matter? Job-specific cancer incidence among a cohort coal mine workers in Queensland, Australia.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2026Article
- U.S.A. trends in intrahepatic and bile duct cancers from 1999-2023.Frontiers in gastroenterology (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Immune Signatures of Smoking: Cytokine and Immunoglobulin Dysregulation and Partial Reversibility in a Population-Based Study.Journal of clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Nutritional risk screening and analysis of factors influencing nutritional risk in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- The increasing burden of early-onset pancreatic and biliary tract cancers: a review of risk factors.ESMO gastrointestinal oncology · 2025Review
- Trends and projections of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer in China: a comprehensive analysis from 1990 to 2030 based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Chemotherapy tolerance and continuity are prognostic for overall survival in patients with localized and advanced biliary tract cancer.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms underlying roles of long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 in digestive system cancers.World journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2024Article
- Burden and risk factors of suspected cholangiocarcinoma in high Opisthorchis viverrini endemic rural communities in southern Lao PDR.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Identifying a perforated prepyloric ulcer during laparoscopy in a patient presumed to have cholecystitis.Radiology case reports · 2024Article
- Metformin dampens the progression of cholangiofibrosis induced by thioacetamide using deep learning.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Article
- Roles of long non‑coding RNA SNHG16 in human digestive system cancer (Review).Oncology reports · 2024Review
- Incidence and Long-Term Outcomes of Biliary Tract Cancers in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1976 to 2018.Cancers · 2024Article
- Risk Factors and Prognostic Factors in GBC.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Association between type 2 diabetes, alcohol intake frequency, age at menarche, and gallbladder cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2024Article
- Efficacy and predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with gallbladder cancer.Cancer science · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
57 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTobacco and alcohol are well-established risk factors for numerous cancers, yet their relationship to biliary tract cancers remains unclear.
methodsWe pooled data from 26 prospective studies to evaluate associations of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with biliary tract cancer risk. Study-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations with smoking and alcohol consumption were calculated. Random-effects meta-analysis produced summary estimates. All statistical tests were two-sided.
resultsOver a period of 38 369 156 person-years of follow-up, 1391 gallbladder, 758 intrahepatic bile duct, 1208 extrahepatic bile duct, and 623 ampulla of Vater cancer cases were identified. Ever, former, and current smoking were associated with increased extrahepatic bile duct and ampulla of Vater cancers risk (eg, current vs never smokers HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.34 to 2.13 and 2.22, 95% CI = 1.69 to 2.92, respectively), with dose-response effects for smoking pack-years, duration, and intensity (all Ptrend < .01). Current smoking and smoking intensity were also associated with intrahepatic bile duct cancer (eg, >40 cigarettes per day vs never smokers HR = 2.15, 95 % CI = 1.15 to 4.00; Ptrend = .001). No convincing association was observed between smoking and gallbladder cancer. Alcohol consumption was only associated with intrahepatic bile duct cancer, with increased risk for individuals consuming five or more vs zero drinks per day (HR = 2.35, 95%CI = 1.46 to 3.78; Ptrend = .04). There was evidence of statistical heterogeneity among several cancer sites, particularly between gallbladder cancer and the other biliary tract cancers.
conclusionsSmoking appears to increase the risk of developing all biliary tract cancers except gallbladder cancer. Alcohol may increase the risk of intrahepatic bile duct cancer. Findings highlight etiologic heterogeneity across the biliary tract.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.