ArticleJournal of insect science (Online)2019
Chlorothalonil Exposure Alters Virus Susceptibility and Markers of Immunity, Nutrition, and Development in Honey Bees.
Article in Journal of insect science (Online), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Deformed wing virus affects foraging success and foraging specialization of honeybee workers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Insect Decline in the Anthropocene: Historical Parallels and Emerging Monitoring Tools.Insects · 2025Review
- Chlorothalonil exposure impacts larval development and adult reproductive performance inRoyal Society open science · 2025Article
- Higher prevalence of sacbrood virus in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies after pollinating highbush blueberries.Journal of economic entomology · 2024Article
- Review
- The fungicide azoxystrobin causes histopathological and cytotoxic changes in the midgut of the honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae).Ecotoxicology (London, England) · 2023Article
- Exposure of chlorothalonil and acetamiprid reduce the survival and cause multiple internal disturbances inFrontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Article
- The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae.International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2022Review
- Classic Hoarding Cages Increase Gut Bacterial Abundance and Reduce the Individual Immune Response of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Workers.Journal of insect science (Online) · 2022Article
- Extraction and determination of flubendiamide insecticide in food samples: A review.Current research in food science · 2022Review
- One Health, One Hive: A scoping review of honey bees, climate change, pollutants, and antimicrobial resistance.PloS one · 2022Article
- Testing the multiple stressor hypothesis: chlorothalonil exposure alters transmission potential of a bumblebee pathogen but not individual host health.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
- Article
- Pesticide-Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines.Viruses · 2020Review
- Review
- Article
- Floral Traits Predict Frequency of Defecation on Flowers by Foraging Bumble Bees.Journal of insect science (Online) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chlorothalonil is a broad spectrum chloronitrile fungicide that has been identified as one of the most common pesticide contaminants found in managed honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis mellifera L.), their food stores, and the hive environment. While not acutely toxic to honey bees, several studies have identified potential sublethal effects, especially in larvae, but comprehensive information regarding the impact of chlorothalonil on adults is lacking. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to a field relevant level of chlorothalonil on honey bee antiviral immunity and biochemical markers of general and social immunity, as well as macronutrient markers of nutrition and morphological markers of growth and development. Chlorothalonil exposure was found to have an effect on 1) honey bee resistance and/or tolerance to viral infection by decreasing the survival of bees following a viral challenge, 2) social immunity, by increasing the level of glucose oxidase activity, 3) nutrition, by decreasing levels of total carbohydrate and protein, and 4) development, by decreasing the total body weight, head width, and wing length of adult nurse and forager bees. Although more research is required to better understand how chlorothalonil interacts with bee physiology to increase mortality associated with viral infections, this study clearly illustrates the sublethal effects of chlorothalonil exposure on bee immunity, nutrition, and development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.