ArticleHealth psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association2019
Independent and joint association of obesity and metabolic syndrome with depression and inflammation.
Article in Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The association between metabolically healthy obesity and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Pooled it
- PRO-DEMET Randomized Controlled Trial on Probiotics in Depression-Pilot Study Results.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- A study of mental health status and its influencing factors in normal weight obesity population.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Associations of metabolic heterogeneity of obesity, cardiometabolic index with sleep trajectory among middle-aged and older adults: a longitudinal study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Food Selectivity and Mood Problems in Youth With a Reported Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- A Study on the Risk Factors of Abnormal Mental Health Status in General Physical Examination Population.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Article
- Nonlinear Association Between BMI and Depression Among Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: NHANES (2017-2018).Behavioural neurology · 2025Article
- Burdened breaths: The influence of depression on obstructive sleep apnea.World journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Metabolic Health, Overweight or Obesity, and Depressive Symptoms among Older Australian Adults.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Association between major dietary patterns and obesity phenotypes in southwest China: baseline survey results from Hechuan.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Allostatic Load and Metabolic Syndrome in Depressed Patients: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Depression and anxiety · 2024Article
- The potential causal relationship between various lifestyles and depression: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Factors Associated with Undertaking Health-Promoting Activities by Older Women at High Risk of Metabolic Syndrome.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Status and Determinants of Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression among Food Delivery Drivers in Shanghai, China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Relationship Between Obesity and Depression Is Partly Dependent on Metabolic Health Status: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database Study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Classifying depression using blood biomarkers: A large population study.Journal of psychiatric research · 2021Article
- Probiotics as a Treatment for "Metabolic Depression"? A Rationale for Future Studies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Marriage contributes to higher obesity risk in China: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.Annals of translational medicine · 2021Article
- Adiposity in Depression or Depression in Adiposity? The Role of Immune-Inflammatory-Microbial Overlap.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the separate and combined associations of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) with depression and the role of inflammation.
methodDepression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and was defined with a cutpoint of ≥10. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 from measured height and weight. MetS was defined based on the American Heart Association consensus definition. Participants were divided into four groups: healthy normal weight (MHN), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUN), and metabolic unhealthy obese (MUO). C-Reactive protein was assessed in a subsample.
resultsA total of 18,025 subjects were included in the analysis. Participants with MUO had the highest prevalence of depression compared with the MHN group (14.8% vs. 6.8, p < .001). While both obesity and MetS were independently associated with depression, there was a significant interaction between the two (p < .001), indicating that the associations of obesity and MetS with depression were synergistic. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, compared with the MHN group, the MUO group had the highest odds of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 2.30, 95% CI [2.03, 2.61]), followed by MHO group (OR = 1.51, 95% CI [1.30, 1.74]) and the MUN group (OR = 1.39, 95% CI [1.18, 1.64]). The MUO group also showed the highest level of C-reactive protein, and the latter partially mediated the effect between MUO and depressive symptoms (20.5% of the total effect).
conclusionBoth obesity and MetS are associated with depression independent of each other, but when present together, these conditions have a synergistic association with depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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