ArticleNature communications2019
A toll-like receptor agonist mimicking microbial signal to generate tumor-suppressive macrophages.
Article in Nature communications, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 164 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Prognostic and Clinical Value of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Patients With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Oligosaccharide adjuvant-deferred antigen endocytosis promotes cross-presentation.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Immunomodulatory Function of Soluble Dietary Fiber: Toward Application for Prevention and Treatment of Food Allergies.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2026Review
- Radiotherapy and cytokines: A systems view of immunotherapy and toxicity (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Astragalus-derived nano-agonist potentiates chemotherapy by reducing tumor-suppressive macrophages.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Ultrasmall oral Saccharibacteria modulate gingival immunoactivation through type IV pili and TLR2-dependent endocytosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Targeting Toll-like Receptor 2: synthetic diacylated lipopeptides polarize equine macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Folic Acid-Modified Ginger-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Co-Delivering Sunitinib Suppress Renal Cell Carcinoma via PI3K-Akt Pathway Inhibition, P-gp Downregulation, and Macrophage Reprogramming.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Smart nanodelivery systems targeting tumor-associated macrophage reprogramming to potentiate cancer immunotherapy: pharmacological mechanisms, delivery strategies and translational perspectives.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Intraperitoneal programming of tailored CAR macrophages via mRNA lipid nanoparticle to boost cancer immunotherapy.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Polysaccharide Adjuvants as Innate Immune Trainers: Bridging Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) Activation and Metabolic Reprogramming for Synthetic Vaccine Design.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Spatial signatures for predicting immunotherapy outcomes using multi-omics in non-small cell lung cancer.Nature genetics · 2025Article
- An enzyme-proof glycan glue for extracellular matrix to ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The Role of Macrophages in Various Types of Tumors and the Possibility of Their Use as Targets for Antitumor Therapy.Cancers · 2025Review
- Gut microbial metabolites as a convergence point between autoimmunity and solid tumors.Gut microbes reports · 2025Review
- Insights into the Identification of iPSC- and Monocyte-Derived Macrophage-Polarizing Compounds by AI-Fueled Cell Painting Analysis Tools.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The two-sided battlefield of tumour-associated macrophages in glioblastoma: unravelling their therapeutic potential.Discover oncology · 2024Review
- The Effect ofMicroorganisms · 2024Review
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Switching macrophages from a pro-tumor type to an anti-tumor state is a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Existing agents, many derived from bacterial components, have safety or specificity concerns. Here, we postulate that the structures of the bacterial signals can be mimicked by using non-toxic biomolecules of simple design. Based on bioactivity screening, we devise a glucomannan polysaccharide with acetyl modification at a degree of 1.8 (acGM-1.8), which specifically activates toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling and consequently induces macrophages into an anti-tumor phenotype. For acGM-1.8, the degree of acetyl modification, glucomannan pattern, and acetylation-induced assembly are three crucial factors for its bioactivity. In mice, intratumoral injection of acGM-1.8 suppresses the growth of two tumor models, and this polysaccharide demonstrates higher safety than four classical TLR agonists. In summary, we report the design of a new, safe, and specific TLR2 agonist that can generate macrophages with strong anti-tumor potential in mice.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.