ArticleInternational journal of molecular medicine2019
Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (Review).
Article in International journal of molecular medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 952 papers.
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Who cites it
952 citing papers in PubMed, 1,365 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Mitochondrial dynamics in environmental neurotoxicity: beyond oxidative stress toward spatial and functional reorganization.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
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- Unveiling the "Glycolysis-Lactate-Lactylation" Axis: A Novel Target in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Review
- Oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
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- Mitochondria-Directed Redox Phospholipid Polymers for Cancer Therapy.Cancer science · 2026Article
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- Mitochondrial Quality Control Links Exercise to Sterile Inflammation in the Cardiovascular System: A Narrative Review.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Reductive Stress Nexus: Integrated Pathways of Metabolic Dysregulation, Senescence and Blood-Brain Barrier Failure in Neurodegenerative Disease and Brain Aging.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Review
- Staurosporine Targets Mitochondrial Regulator VdAtuA3 to Disrupt Mitochondrial Homeostasis to Control Verticillium Wilt.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Computational modeling of substrate-dependent lung mitochondrial respiration and bioenergetics in rats with different susceptibility to hyperoxia-induced ARDS.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Article
- Atmospheric Aerosol Neurotoxicity and Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Perspectives.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Review
- Sexual dimorphism of midbrain catecholaminergic metabolism revealed by neuromelanin-sensitive MRI.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
892 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The mammalian mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) includes complexes I‑IV, as well as the electron transporters ubiquinone and cytochrome c. There are two electron transport pathways in the ETC: Complex I/III/IV, with NADH as the substrate and complex II/III/IV, with succinic acid as the substrate. The electron flow is coupled with the generation of a proton gradient across the inner membrane and the energy accumulated in the proton gradient is used by complex V (ATP synthase) to produce ATP. The first part of this review briefly introduces the structure and function of complexes I‑IV and ATP synthase, including the specific electron transfer process in each complex. Some electrons are directly transferred to O2 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ETC. The second part of this review discusses the sites of ROS generation in each ETC complex, including sites IF and IQ in complex I, site IIF in complex II and site IIIQo in complex III, and the physiological and pathological regulation of ROS. As signaling molecules, ROS play an important role in cell proliferation, hypoxia adaptation and cell fate determination, but excessive ROS can cause irreversible cell damage and even cell death. The occurrence and development of a number of diseases are closely related to ROS overproduction. Finally, proton leak and uncoupling proteins (UCPS) are discussed. Proton leak consists of basal proton leak and induced proton leak. Induced proton leak is precisely regulated and induced by UCPs. A total of five UCPs (UCP1‑5) have been identified in mammalian cells. UCP1 mainly plays a role in the maintenance of body temperature in a cold environment through non‑shivering thermogenesis. The core role of UCP2‑5 is to reduce oxidative stress under certain conditions, therefore exerting cytoprotective effects. All diseases involving oxidative stress are associated with UCPs.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.