Does gender influence the outcome of ischemic heart disease?

Diseases of the cardiovascular system (myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy) account for 40% of all deaths in men and up to 49% of all deaths in women. For a long time it was thought that the clinical picture of ischemic heart disease in men and women was similar. Now, however, there are more reports suggesting that diverse manifestations of the symptoms of ischemic disease may be related to differences between sexes. The disparity between women and men is also evident in the diagnostic process, and various pathological mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases, in particular myocardial ischemia in men and women, affect the differences in the results of diagnostic tests. Vasomotor dysfunction is particularly frequent in women, as their coronary vessels are more sensitive to the catecholamines released during mental stress, resulting in spasm and ischemic myocardium. Moreover, a much lower dose of acetylcholine induced vasoconstriction, which indicates that women are more sensitive to this neurotransmitter. Therefore, coronary vasomotor disorders in the form of epicardial and microvascular dysfunction are more often seen in women. All these mentioned factors resulted in higher mortality and poorer quality of life of women suffering from ischemic heart disease.