ArticlePediatrics2019
Elimination of Nonmedical Immunization Exemptions in California and School-Entry Vaccine Status.
Article in Pediatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- A Comparison of Vaccination Policies and Immunity Assessment for Measles Control: Insights from the United States and Japan.Viruses · 2025Review
- Article
- Pediatric Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States-The Growing Problem and Strategies for Management Including Motivational Interviewing.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Medical exemptions to mandatory vaccinations: The state of play in Australia and a pressure point to watch.Epidemiology and infection · 2024Review
- School Vaccine Coverage and Medical Exemption Uptake After the New York State Repeal of Nonmedical Vaccination Exemptions.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- The implementation of a new measles vaccine mandate in Germany: A qualitative study in local health departments.PloS one · 2024Article
- Article
- What Causes the Discrepancy in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Between Parental Hesitancy for Themselves and for Their Children During Lockdown Period?Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2023Article
- To EHB 1638 or Not to EHB 1638? For Immunization Policymakers, That Is the Question.American journal of public health · 2023Article
- State Policy Removing the Personal Belief Exemption for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) School Immunization Requirement, Washington State, 2014-2022.American journal of public health · 2023Article
- Donor selection for adoptive cell therapy with CD45RACytotherapy · 2023Article
- Convergence on Coercion: Functional and Political Pressures as Drivers of Global Childhood Vaccine Mandates.International journal of health policy and management · 2022Article
- Article
- Effectiveness of vaccination mandates in improving uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Review
- An Informed Approach to Vaccine Hesitancy and Uptake in Children.Delaware journal of public health · 2022Article
- Evaluation of Trends in Homeschooling Rates After Elimination of Nonmedical Exemptions to Childhood Immunizations in California, 2012-2020.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Article
- Vaccine Exemptions and the Risk of Continued Disease Outbreaks.Pediatrics · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesCalifornia implemented Senate Bill 277 (SB277) in 2016, becoming the first state in nearly 30 years to eliminate nonmedical exemptions from immunization requirements for schoolchildren. Our objectives were to determine (1) the impacts of SB277 on the percentage of kindergarteners entering school not up-to-date on vaccinations and (2) if geographic patterns of vaccine refusal persisted after the implementation of the new law.
methodsAt the state level, we analyzed the magnitude and composition of the population of kindergarteners not up-to-date on vaccinations before and after the implementation of SB277. We assessed correlations between previous geographic patterns of nonmedical exemptions and patterns of the remaining entry mechanisms for kindergarteners not up-to-date after the law's implementation.
resultsIn the first year after SB277 was implemented, the percentage of kindergartners entering school not up-to-date on vaccinations decreased from 7.15% to 4.42%. The conditional entrance rate fell from 4.43% to 1.91%, accounting for much of this decrease. Other entry mechanisms for students not up-to-date, including medical exemptions and exemptions for independent study or homeschooled students, largely replaced the decrease in the personal belief exemption rate from 2.37% to 0.56%. In the second year, the percentage of kindergartners not up-to-date increased by 0.45%, despite additional reductions in conditional entrants and personal belief exemptions. The correlational analysis revealed that previous geographic patterns of vaccine refusal persisted after the law's implementation.
conclusionsAlthough the percentage of incoming kindergarteners up-to-date on vaccinations in California increased after the implementation of SB277, we found evidence for a replacement effect.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.