ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2019
Human Meibum Cholesteryl and Wax Ester Variability With Age, Sex, and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dyslipidemia and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Utility of Lipidomics and Experimental Prospects with a Diet-Induced Obesity Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Pooled it
- Diurnal Variation of Tear and Meibum Lipids in Healthy Subjects.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Direct Correlation of Levels of Meibum Cholesteryl Esters, Hydrocarbon Chain Saturation, and Protein With Lipid Structure, in Relation to Age and Dry Eye.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Relationship between morphological changes in meibomian glands, age, and ocular surface parameters.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Fatty Acid Synthase as a Potential Metabolic Vulnerability in Ocular Adnexal Sebaceous Carcinoma.Cancers · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Analysis of the Conjunctival Sac Microbiome in Patients With Evaporative Dry Eye and Mixed Dry Eye.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- DHCR24 Deficiency Drives Age-Related Meibomian Gland Dysfunction by Regulating Lipid Metabolic Imbalance and Cytosolic mtDNA-Induced cGAS-STING Activation.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- Impact of definition of meibomian gland dysfunction on the frequency of MGD in dry eye disease from the DREAM© study.Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association · 2025Article
- Changes in Human Meibum Lipid Composition Related to the Presence and Severity of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · 2024Article
- Meibomian gland lipid alterations and ocular surface sequela in Awat2 knockout murine model of meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye disease.The ocular surface · 2024Article
- Expression of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 (ABCA1) in Eyelid Tissues and Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Review
- New Insights into the Molecular Structure of Tear Film Lipids Revealed by Surface X-ray Scattering.The journal of physical chemistry letters · 2024Article
- Relationship Between Human Meibum Lipid Composition and the Severity of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Spectroscopic Analysis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Clinical Practice Guidelines.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Precision Medicines for Retinal Lipid Metabolism-Related Pathologies.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Dyslipidemia Exacerbates Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Nonpolar Lipids Contribute to Midday Fogging During Scleral Lens Wear.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Integrated multi-omics and machine learning approach reveals lipid metabolic biomarkers and signaling in age-related meibomian gland dysfunction.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2023Article
- Candidate Molecular Compounds as Potential Indicators for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: Relationships between tear film lipid (TFL) layer composition, structure, and function could provide insight into the etiology of dry eye. The molar ratio of cholesteryl ester (CE)/wax ester (WE) was measured in meibum from normal donors (Mn) and compared with meibum from donors with meibomian gland dysfunction (MMGD). Methods: CE/WE was measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: CE/WE was distributed into two populations with 81% distributed near 0.55 and 19% near 0.3. CE/WE were higher in donors 13 to 19 years old compared with donors 1 to 12 years old and 20 to 88 years old. CE/WE for MMGD was 30% lower, 0.34 ± 0.04, compared with Mn, 0.49 ± 0.04. There were no sex differences in CE/WE. There were no significant racial differences between the CE/WE ratios for Asians and Caucasians. The CE/WE ratio was higher for blacks and lower for Hispanics compared to Caucasians. Due to the small number sampled, confirmation of the later racial results is needed. The packing of CE and WE in the TFL layer was proposed. Conclusions: Although MMGD contains much less CE than Mn, factors other than the CE content, such as the levels of saturation and/or proteins, may be responsible for the higher order of MMGD. In addition to saturation, CE could contribute to the increase in order of Mn between 0 and 20 years of age. Observed changes in the meibum content of CE alone is not likely to influence tear film stability.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.