ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2019
Salt intake and prevalence of overweight/obesity in Japan, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States: the INTERMAP Study.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00005271 (INTERMAP), which is not on this map. Cited by 61 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
INTERMAP: International Population Study on Macronutrients and BP
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Population-level salt intake in the WHO European Region in 2022: a systematic review.Public health nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Dietary Sodium Intake and Health Indicators: A Systematic Review of Published Literature between January 2015 and December 2019.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- Home blood pressure-lowering effect of digital therapeutics in hypertension: impact of body weight and salt intake.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2023Trial
- Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Trial
- Increased Salt Intake Decreases Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- A Hierarchical Multi-Stage Machine-Learning Study on Predicting Oil and Salt in Chinese Restaurant Dishes for Nutrition Surveillance - 6 Survey Sites, China, 2019-2020.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Effects of Oral Semaglutide on Dietary Intake and Body Composition in Japanese People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Observational Study in Clinical Practice.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Observational
- Determinants of High Salt Intake in Croatian Adults: Evidence from 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in the EH-UH 2 Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Association Between Salt Intake and Body Adiposity in Chinese Population: A Repeated-Measures Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2026Observational
- Challenges in improving the equation for estimating 24-h urinary sodium excretion from casual urine in hypertensive patients taking antihypertensive drugs: addressing overestimation, especially at low sodium excretion levels.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Health literacy relates to self-regulation of eating behavior through physical activity and self-efficacy pathways.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- High salt intake and its dual impact on obesity and cardiovascular mortality in individuals over 50: a paradoxical relationship.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Salt Intake Levels and Related Factors in Individuals who Underwent a Specific Health Examination: The LIFE Study.JMA journal · 2025Article
- The metabolic signature of salt intake: a cross-sectional analysis from the SCAPIS-study.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
- Gustatory thresholds and obesity: a comparative study of five main tastes.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- Risk factors and prediction for pediatric obesity: current status and future perspectives.Endocrine journal · 2025Review
- Metabolic diseases in the East Asian populations.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Overnutrition in the Elderly Population: Socio-Demographic and Behavioral Risk Factors in Hungary.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Intake of sodium and potassium, sodium-potassium intake ratio, and their relation to the risk of diabetes mellitus.Scientific reports · 2025Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSeveral studies have reported that dietary salt intake may be an independent risk factor for overweight/obesity, but results from previous studies are controversial, reflecting study limitations such as use of a single spot urine or dietary recall to estimate daily salt intake rather than 24-h urine collections, and population samples from only a single country or center.
objectiveThe aim of this study was to use data from the International Study of Macro-/Micro-nutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP Study) to explore the relation between dietary salt intake estimated from 2 timed 24-h urine collections and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) as well as prevalence of overweight/obesity in Japan, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
methodsData were from a cross-sectional study of 4680 men and women aged 40-59 y in Japan (n = 1145), China (n = 839), the United Kingdom (n = 501), and the United States (n = 2195). General linear models were used to obtain the regression coefficients (β) of salt intake associated with BMI. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the ORs and 95% CIs of overweight/obesity associated with a 1-g/d higher dietary salt intake.
resultsAfter adjustment for potential confounding factors including energy intake, salt intake 1 g/d higher was associated with BMI higher by 0.28 in Japan, 0.10 in China, 0.42 in the United Kingdom, and 0.52 in the United States, all P values < 0.001. Salt intake 1 g/d higher was associated with odds of overweight/obesity 21% higher in Japan, 4% higher in China, 29% higher in the United Kingdom, and 24% higher in the United States, all P values < 0.05.
conclusionsSalt intake is positively associated with BMI and the prevalence of overweight/obesity in Japan, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This association needs to be further confirmed in well-designed prospective studies with repeated dietary and BMI measurements.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005271.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.