ArticlePediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition2019
Macronutrient Analysis of Human Milk according to Storage and Processing in Korean Mother.
Article in Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbiota composition of human milk based on storage and processing methods in Korea.Nutrition research and practice · 2026Article
- Changes in microRNAs during Storage and Processing of Breast Milk.Metabolites · 2023Article
- Human Breast Milk Composition and Function in Human Health: From Nutritional Components to Microbiome and MicroRNAs.Nutrients · 2021Review
- More than Nutrition: Therapeutic Potential of Breast Milk-Derived Exosomes in Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeAs the importance of breastfeeding has been reinforced, human milk is often stored for practical reasons. Therefore, we evaluated optimal storage and processing methods for human milk from a nutritional standpoint.
methodsHuman milk samples were collected between June 2017 and February 2018. Also, data about maternal information were collected. Human milk was analyzed for macronutrients and caloric content. The samples were subdivided into groups for nutrient analysis. The control group (fresh milk) was not stored or processed. The other groups (9 groups) consisted of samples analyzed based on different storage temperatures (room temperature, refrigerated, frozen), defrosting methods (bottle warmer, room temperature thawing, microwave oven), and storage period (1 week, 1 month, 2 months) and compared with the control group.
resultsThere was no statistically significant difference in the nutrient content of human milk among the collected samples. A significant change in the content of macronutrients in milk samples was observed under storage condition at different temperatures for 1 week with subsequent thawing with bottle warmer compared to fresh milk. Under storage at -20°C for 1 week with subsequent thawing with different defrosting methods, a significant change in the content of macronutrients in milk samples was observed compared to fresh milk. After storage at -20°C for different periods and thawing with a bottle warmer, a significant change in macronutrient content in milk samples was observed compared to fresh milk regardless of the storage period.
conclusionUnlike previous guidelines, changes in macronutrient content in milk samples were observed regardless of the method of storing and thawing. Apparently, it is proposed that mothers should feed fresh human milk to their babies without storing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.