ArticlePublic health nutrition2019
Television food and beverage marketing to children in Costa Rica: current state and policy implications.
Article in Public health nutrition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Measuring the Power of Food Marketing to Children: a Review of Recent Literature.Current nutrition reports · 2019Pooled it
- Food and beverage marketing directed at youth in 11 Latin American countries: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The nature and frequency of food and beverage marketing on Kenyan national television: a mixed-method analysis of food advertisements, parent and children's perspectives.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Extent and Nature of Television Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing in 9 Asian Countries: Cross-Sectional Study Using a Harmonized Approach.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2024Article
- Establishing the Minimum Media Time Sample Required to Obtain Reliable Estimates of Children's Digital Media Food Marketing Exposures.Current developments in nutrition · 2023Article
- Lived Experience and Perceptions of Adolescents on Prevention, Causes and Consequences of Double Burden of Malnutrition in Debre Berhan City, Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study.International journal of general medicine · 2023Article
- The extent and nature of television food and non-alcoholic beverage advertising to children during chinese New Year in Beijing, China.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Food environment solutions for childhood obesity in Latin America and among Latinos living in the United States.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2021Review
- Sedentary Behaviors of a School Population in Brazil and Related Factors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Analysing persuasive marketing of ultra-processed foods on Brazilian television.International journal of public health · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the frequency of television (TV) food and beverage advertisements (F&B ads) to which children (4-11 years) are likely exposed and the nutrient profile of products advertised.
designTV broadcasting between September and November 2016 was recorded (288 h of children's programming; 288 h of family programming) resulting in 8980 advertisements, of which 1862 were F&B ads. Of those, 1473 could be classified into one of the seventeen food groups, and into permitted/non-permitted according to the WHO-EU nutrient profile model. Persuasive marketing techniques used were also identified.
settingTV programming was recorded for four weekdays and four weekend days, between 06.00 and 00.00 hours (576 total hours), for four channels (two national and two cable), in Costa Rica.
resultsMean (sd) number of F&B ads/h was greater in cable than national channels (3·7 (0·4) v. 2·8 (0·4), P < 0·05) and during children's peak viewing hours (4·4 (0·4) v. 2·9 (0·3)). Of F&B ads classified with WHO-EU nutrient profile model (n 1473, 71·1 %), 91·1 % were non-permitted to be marketed to children. Categories most frequently advertised were ready-made/convenience foods (16 %), chocolates/confectionery/desserts (15 %), breakfast cereals (14 %), beverages (15 %), edible ices (9 %) and salty snacks (8 %). Non-permitted F&B ads were more likely to use promotional characters, brand benefit claims, and nutrition and health claims than permitted F&B ads.
conclusionsChildren watching popular TV channels in Costa Rica are exposed to a high number of unhealthy F&B ads daily. Our findings help justify the need for regulatory actions by national authorities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.