ArticleEmerging infectious diseases2019
Immunopathology of Fatal Human Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus 1 Encephalitis, Germany, 2011-2013.
Article in Emerging infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antagonistic activity against innate immunity determines virulence in mammalian bornaviruses.Npj viruses · 2025Article
- Article
- Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: Lipids across microglial states.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Magnetic resonance imaging of human variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) encephalitis reveals diagnostic pattern indistinguishable from Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis but typical for bornaviruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Human Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis cases in the north and east of Germany.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- Human Borna disease virus 1 encephalitis shows marked pro-inflammatory biomarker and tissue immunoactivation during the course of disease.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- Transcriptome Analysis of Duck and Chicken Brains Infected with Aquatic Bird Bornavirus-1 (ABBV-1).Viruses · 2022Article
- Article
- Introduction and spread of variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) between exotic squirrels and spill-over infections to humans in Germany.Emerging microbes & infections · 2021Article
- Active Case Finding of Current Bornavirus Infections in Human Encephalitis Cases of Unknown Etiology, Germany, 2018-2020.Emerging infectious diseases · 2021Article
- First isolation,Emerging microbes & infections · 2020Article
- Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Regulatory T Cells in Neurotropic Virus Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) is a zoonotic virus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans who are infected after contact with exotic squirrels. We analyzed the brain lesions and the immune responses in all 4 known human cases that showed panencephalitis. Inflammatory infiltrates in areas positive for VSBV-1 RNA and antigen consisted of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with perivascular B-cell accumulation. Strong microglial response and bizarre astroglial expansion were present. Areas of malacia contained neutrophils and foamy microglia and macrophages. Immunopathologic examination during infection showed cleavage of caspase 3 in brain cells adjacent to CD8+ cells and widespread p53 expression, hallmarks of apoptosis. Cerebrospinal fluid analyses over time demonstrated increasing protein concentrations and cell counts, paralleled by pathologic lactate elevations in all patients. The most severe cerebrospinal fluid and histologic changes occurred in the patient with the highest viral load, shortest duration of disease, and most medical preconditions.
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Registered trials
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