ArticleAllergy2019
Only α-Gal bound to lipids, but not to proteins, is transported across enterocytes as an IgE-reactive molecule that can induce effector cell activation.
Article in Allergy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- The alpha-gal syndrome: Understanding the role of tick bites, and the delays in severe anaphylaxis.Allergy and asthma proceedings · 2026Review
- Alpha-Gal syndrome unveiled: decoding the glycan-driven red meat allergy.Glycoconjugate journal · 2026Review
- Alpha-gal-specific human IgE promotes both alpha-gal-induced and antigen-independent allergic effector cell activation.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Linear Epitope-Mediated Immunological Cross-Reactivity in Livestock Product Allergens.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- From vector to allergen: exploring the immunology of tick-triggered α-Gal syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunologic comparison of alpha-gal sensitized and non-sensitized groups from a community based sample.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Nutritional considerations for alpha-gal syndrome: a mini-review.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Review
- Ticked Off: Allergic Effector Cells in the Pathogenesis of Alpha-gal Syndrome.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- The Immunology of Alpha-Gal Syndrome: History, Tick Bites, IgE, and Delayed Anaphylaxis to Mammalian Meat.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Pre-clinical strategies and emerging technologies driving advances in the alpha-gal syndrome.Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology · 2025Review
- Multi-Omics Technologies Applied to Improve Tick Research.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Multiple Allergen Simultaneous Test for Food Allergens Cannot Screen Wheat-Dependent, Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis and α-Gal Syndrome.Yonsei medical journal · 2025Article
- Alpha-Gal Syndrome: An Underrated Serious Disease and a Potential Future Challenge.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2024Review
- Review
- Article
- The α-Gal epitope - the cause of a global allergic disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Isotype diversity of antibodies specific for component allergens in the context of allergic diseases: eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), asthma, and the alpha-gal syndrome (AGS).Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- Recent insights into the mechanisms of anaphylaxis.Current opinion in immunology · 2023Review
- [Alpha-gal syndrome : Overview of clinical presentation and pathophysiology].Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete · 2022Review
- Where's the Beef? Understanding Allergic Responses to Red Meat in Alpha-Gal Syndrome.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal), present in mammalian proteins and lipids, causes an unusual delayed allergic reaction 3 to 6 hours after ingestion of mammalian meat in individuals with IgE antibodies against α-Gal. To better understand the delayed onset of allergic symptoms and investigate whether protein-bound or lipid-bound α-Gal causes these symptoms, we analyzed the capacity of α-Gal conjugated proteins and lipids to cross a monolayer of intestinal cells.
methodsExtracts of proteins and lipids from beef were prepared, subjected to in vitro digestions, and added to Caco-2 cells grown on permeable supports. The presence of α-Gal in the basolateral medium was investigated by immunoblotting, thin-layer chromatography with immunostaining and ELISA, and its allergenic activity was analyzed in a basophil activation test.
resultsAfter addition of beef proteins to the apical side of Caco-2 cells, α-Gal containing peptides were not detected in the basolateral medium. Those peptides that crossed the Caco-2 monolayer did not activate basophils from an α-Gal allergic patient. Instead, when Caco-2 cells were incubated with lipids extracted from beef, α-Gal was detected in the basolateral medium. Furthermore, these α-Gal lipids were able to activate the basophils of an α-Gal allergic patient in a dose-dependent manner.
conclusionOnly α-Gal bound to lipids, but not to proteins, is able to cross the intestinal monolayer and trigger an allergic reaction. This suggests that the slower digestion and absorption of lipids might be responsible for the unusual delayed allergic reactions in α-Gal allergic patients and identifies glycolipids as potential allergenic molecules.
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Registered trials
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