ArticleVaccine2019
Flagellin-expressing virus-like particles exhibit adjuvant effects on promoting IgG isotype-switched long-lasting antibody induction and protection of influenza vaccines in CD4-deficient mice.
Article in Vaccine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineered PCV2 VLPs for Antigen Delivery: A Platform for Next-Generation Veterinary Vaccines.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Review
- Flagellin co-expression potentiates mRNA vaccine-induced cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses but not anti-tumor immunity.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Advances in protein subunit vaccines against H1N1/09 influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Respiratory Viruses and Virus-like Particle Vaccine Development: How Far Have We Advanced?Viruses · 2023Review
- Novel Vaccine Adjuvants as Key Tools for Improving Pandemic Preparedness.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Inflammasomes and adaptive immune responses.Nature immunology · 2021Review
- Improving immunogenicity and safety of flagellin as vaccine carrier by high-density display on virus-like particle surface.Biomaterials · 2020Article
- Progress in the development of virus-like particle vaccines against respiratory viruses.Expert review of vaccines · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Incorporation of membrane-anchored flagellin molecules into the surfaces of influenza virus-like particles (VLP) was previously reported to promote T helper (Th) 1-biased IgG antibody production and protective efficacy of co-presented vaccine antigens. Herein, we investigated the potential adjuvant effects and mechanisms of flagellin-expressing VLP (FliC-VLP) as an independent component on influenza vaccination in wild-type and mutant mouse models. FliC-VLP adjuvanted influenza vaccination was highly effective in promoting the induction of Th1-biased IgG isotype switched antibodies, enhanced protection, and long-lasting IgG antibody responses in both wild-type and CD4-knockout mice. In contrast, the adjuvant effects of soluble flagellin were Th2-biased and required CD4 T helper cells. The adjuvant effects of FliC-VLP were less dependent on CD4 T cells and flagellin-mediated innate immune signaling pathways. The results suggest that FliC-VLP might play an effective adjuvant role in an immune competent condition as well as in a defect of CD4 T cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.