ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2019
Analysis of Tumor Angiogenesis and Immune Microenvironment in Non-Functional Pituitary Endocrine Tumors.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- STING expression in pituitary neuroendocrine tumour immune microenvironments.Endocrine-related cancer · 2026Article
- Insulin Resistance and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Review of Molecular Mechanisms.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Radiolabeling molecular biomarkers of invasive pituitary adenomas: a narrative review.Pituitary · 2025Review
- Management of Recurrent and Aggressive Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenomas.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Flow cytometry immune profiling of recurrent and newly diagnosed growth hormone secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: comparison of two clinical cases.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Clinical and therapeutic implications of cavernous sinus invasion in pituitary adenomas.Endocrine · 2024Review
- Therapeutical Usefulness of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Aggressive or Metastatic Pituitary Tumours.Cancers · 2024Review
- Transcriptome-Derived Ligand-Receptor Interactome of Major PitNET Subgroups.Journal of neurological surgery. Part B, Skull base · 2024Article
- The biological behavior and clinical outcome of pituitary adenoma are affected by the microenvironment.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveal distinct immune-infiltrating phenotypes and macrophage-tumor interaction axes among different lineages of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.Genome medicine · 2024Article
- Сytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) is overexpressed in a subset of prolactin- and growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas.Endocrine-related cancer · 2024Article
- Research status and prospects of pituitary adenomas in conjunction with neurological and psychiatric disorders and the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- From Genes to Therapy: Pituitary Adenomas in the Era of Precision Medicine.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Update on Current Evidence for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2023Review
- Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors: New Approaches in Classification, Diagnosis and Therapy.Cancers · 2023Review
- Article
- Tumour microenvironment and pituitary tumour behaviour.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Review
- Targeting the Tumor Immune Microenvironment Could Become a Potential Therapeutic Modality for Aggressive Pituitary Adenoma.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- PD-L1 and tumor-infiltrating CD8Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cavernous sinus (CS) invasion is an aggressive behavior exhibited by pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). The cause of CS invasion in PitNETs has not been fully elucidated. The tumor immune microenvironment, known to promote aggressive behavior in various types of tumors, has not been examined for PitNETs. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling is strongly associated with the tumor immune microenvironment. In the present study, these molecular and histopathological characteristics were examined in invasive non-functional PitNETs (NF-PitNETs). Twenty-seven patients with newly diagnosed NF-PitNETs (with CS invasion: 17, without CS invasion: 10) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for VEGF-A/VEGFR1 and 2, hypoxia-inducible Factor (HIF), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, immunosuppressive cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and immune checkpoint molecules. Previously validated tumor proliferation markers including mitotic count, Ki-67 index, and p53 were also analyzed for their expressions in NF-PitNETs. VEGF-A and VEGFR1 were expressed on not only vascular endothelial cells, but also on tumor cells. The expressions of VEGF-A and VEGFR1 were significantly higher in NF-PitNETs with CS invasion. The number of TAMs and the expression of PD-L1 were also significantly higher in NF-PitNETs with CS invasion than in NF-PitNETs without CS invasion. The high expression of VEGF-A and VEGFR1 and associated immunosuppressive microenvironment were observed in NF-PitNETs with CS invasion, suggesting that a novel targeted therapy can be applied.
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