SynthesisInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019
Factors Impacting Patient Outcomes Associated with Use of Emergency Medical Services Operating in Urban Versus Rural Areas: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Factors associated with the workload of health professionals in hospital at home: a systematic review.BMC health services research · 2022Pooled it
- No "Golden Hour" in Alaska: Characteristics and Implications of Medevac-centered Emergency Care.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Unequal access to timely care: Geographic variation in prehospital time among injured patients at risk of hemorrhagic shock.Transfusion · 2026Article
- Age and gender patterns in emergency alarms and missions: a cross-sectional observational study.BMC emergency medicine · 2026Observational
- Geographic distribution of EMS missions and patient conditions in suburban and rural Sweden: a retrospective observational study.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2026Observational
- Interpretation Accuracy and Theoretical Decision Impact of Prehospital Ultrasound for Paramedics - Analysis of a Rural Pilot Program.Prehospital emergency care · 2026Observational
- Frequency and Factors Associated with Patient Safety Events During Prehospital Obstetric Emergencies.Prehospital emergency care · 2026Article
- Consensus-based research priorities for post-collision care in the Western Cape province of South Africa.African journal of emergency medicine : Revue africaine de la medecine d'urgence · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of emergency medical systems in the UK and Japan: recommendations for Japan based on on-site observations in the UK.International journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Comparing Prehospital Time Among Pediatric Poisoning Patients in Rural and Urban Settings.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- The Norwegian national trauma registry: development process and essential data insights.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- A Linear Regression Analysis of Factors Affecting Social Determinants of Health Indicators.Acta medica Philippina · 2025Article
- Optimizing mass casualty: an incident report of centralizing patient transport and its impact on triage efficiency.Journal of rural medicine : JRM · 2025Article
- Urban traffic accidents in Isfahan city: a study of prehospital response time intervals.International journal of emergency medicine · 2024Article
- The Urban-Rural Divide in Neurocritical Care in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries.Neurocritical care · 2024Article
- Article
- Comprehensive Risk Analysis of Emergency Medical Response Systems in Serbian Healthcare: Assessing Systemic Vulnerabilities in Disaster Preparedness and Response.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Rural and Ethnic Disparities in Out-of-hospital Care and Transport Pathways After Road Traffic Trauma in New Zealand.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2024Article
- Impact of drone-specific dispatch instructions on the safety and efficacy of drone-delivered emergency medical treatments: A randomized simulation pilot study.Resuscitation plus · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The goal of this systematic review was to examine the existing literature base regarding the factors impacting patient outcomes associated with use of emergency medical services (EMS) operating in urban versus rural areas. A specific subfocus on low and lower-middle-income countries was planned but acknowledged in advance as being potentially limited by a lack of available data. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed during the preparation of this systematic review. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, EBSCO (Elton B. Stephens Company) host, Web of Science, ProQuest, Embase, and Scopus was conducted through May 2018. To appraise the quality of the included papers, the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Checklists (CASP) were used. Thirty-one relevant and appropriate studies were identified; however, only one study from a low or lower-middle-income country was located. The research indicated that EMS in urban areas are more likely to have shorter prehospital times, response times, on-scene times, and transport times when compared to EMS operating in rural areas. Additionally, urban patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest or trauma were found to have higher survival rates than rural patients. EMS in urban areas were generally associated with improved performance measures in key areas and associated higher survival rates than those in rural areas. These findings indicate that reducing key differences between rural and urban settings is a key factor in improving trauma patient survival rates. More research in rural areas is required to better understand the factors which can predict these differences and underpin improvements. The lack of research in this area is particularly evident in low- and lower-middle-income countries.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.