ArticleCurrent neurobiology2019
The role of the immune system in brain metastasis.
Article in Current neurobiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07559097 (A Phase I/II, Single-arm, Single-center Clinical Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase I/II, Single-arm, Single-center Clinical Study: Exploration of the Application of Methotrexate-loaded Drug Vesicles in Intrathecal Injection for Meningeal Metastasis of Lung Cancer
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tumor mutational burden as a determinant of metastatic dissemination patterns.Molecular oncology · 2026Article
- Article
- Macrophage diversity in cancer dissemination and metastasis.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Case report: Long-term intracranial effect of zimberelimab monotherapy following surgical resection of high PD-L1-expressing brain metastases from NSCLC.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Identifying New Contributors to Brain Metastasis in Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Transcriptomic Meta-Analysis.Cancers · 2023Article
- Oral IRAK-4 Inhibitor CA-4948 Is Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrant and Has Single-Agent Activity against CNS Lymphoma and Melanoma Brain Metastases.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2023Article
- Heterogeneity of tumor immune microenvironment of EGFR/ALK-positive tumors versus EGFR/ALK-negative tumors in resected brain metastases from lung adenocarcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- The Journey of Cancer Cells to the Brain: Challenges and Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Advances in the Management of Central Nervous System Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Cancers · 2023Review
- Heterogenous profiles between primary lung cancers and paired brain metastases reveal tumor evolution.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- The Riddle of the Sphinx: Progress in Leptomeningeal Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Clinical Medicine Insights. Oncology · 2023Review
- First-line Immuno-chemotherapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: A network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Immune related biomarkers for cancer metastasis to the brain.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2022Review
- Rethinking the chemokine cascade in brain metastasis: Preventive and therapeutic implications.Seminars in cancer biology · 2022Review
- PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint as a potential target for preventing brain tumor progression.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2022Review
- Melanoma Mediated Disruption of Brain Endothelial Barrier Integrity Is Not Prevented by the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Proteases.Biosensors · 2022Article
- Sex steroid hormone function in the brain niche: Implications for brain metastatic colonization and progression.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2022Review
- EphrinB2-EphB4 Signaling in Neurooncological Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Next-generation immunotherapies for brain metastatic cancers.Trends in cancer · 2021Review
- Association between PD-L1 expression and initial brain metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical implications.Thoracic cancer · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Metastatic brain tumors are the most common brain tumors in adults. With numerous successful advancements in systemic treatment of most common cancer types, brain metastasis is becoming increasingly important in the overall prognosis of cancer patients. Brain metastasis of peripheral tumor is the result of complex interplay of primary tumor, immune system and central nervous system microenvironment. Once formed, brain metastases hide behind the blood brain barrier and become inaccessible to chemotherapies that are otherwise successful in targeting systemic cancer. The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for several common cancers such as advanced melanoma and lung cancers brings with it the opportunity and obligation to further understand the mechanisms of immunosuppression by tumors that spread to the brain as well as the interaction between the brain environment and tumor microenvironment. In this review paper we define the central role of the immune system in the development of brain metastases. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to outline the molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression used by tumors and how the immune system interacts with the central nervous system to facilitate brain metastasis. In particular we discuss the tumor-type-specific mechanisms of metastasis of cancers that preferentially metastasize to the brain as well as the therapies that effectively modulate the immune response, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
31097897PMC6513348What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.