Observational studyMedicine2019
Thyroid diseases increased the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nation-wide cohort study.
Observational study in Medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thyroid Function and the Risk of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Pooled it
- Association between thyroid dysfunction and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.BMC medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Thyroid, Celiac, and Other Autoimmune Diseases and the Risk of Incident Type 1 Diabetes in Young Adulthood.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Relationship between urinary iodine concentration and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes: An analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 - 2018.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2025Article
- Higher Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Effects on Glycemic Control, Diabetic Complications and Comorbidities.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Exploring the bidirectional association between thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- The impact of insulin resistance on thyroid function and the prevalence of thyroid follicular nodular disease in pregnant women.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Vitamin D Status Determines Metformin Action on Gonadotropin Levels in Postmenopausal Women with Subclinical Hyperthyroidism.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Thyroid disorders and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: insights from a 10-year cohort study in Germany.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- Association between central thyroid hormone sensitivity and prediabetes: Tehran thyroid study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Association between exercise habits and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with thyroid cancer: nationwide population-based study.BMC medicine · 2024Observational
- Thyroid Hormones and Diabetes in Euthyroid Hispanic/Latino Adults of Diverse Backgrounds: HCHS/SOL.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Article
- Association between Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Glycemic Control in Older Adults in a Medical Center in Peru.Current gerontology and geriatrics research · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the risk of hypothyroidism and its clinical manifestations using the Zulewski scale.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- A predictive model for hyperuricemia among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Urumqi, China.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Article
- Type 2 diabetes and thyroid cancer: Synergized risk with rising air pollution.World journal of diabetes · 2023Review
- A Case Report of Intratesticular Hematoma in a Patient with Reiter's Syndrome.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Prevalence and Associated Predictors for Diabetes Mellitus in Adult Patients With Thyroid Nodules.Journal of clinical medicine research · 2023Article
- Relationship between serum nitric oxide of patients with thyroid disorders and metabolic syndrome indices and nitrate concentration of water.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Thyroid function may alter carbohydrate metabolism via influence of insulin, which may in terms of derangement of thyroid function and insulin function result in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). We investigated the association of thyroid disorders with T2D by a cohort study of the Taiwan nationwide health insurance database.A sub-dataset of the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) was used in this study. The thyroid disease (both hyper- and hypo-thyroidism) group was chosen from patients older than 18 years and newly diagnosed between 2000 and 2012. The control group consisted of randomly selected patients who never been diagnosed with thyroid disease and 4-fold size frequency matched with the thyroid disease group. The event of this cohort was T2D (ICD-9-CM 250.x1, 250.x2). Primary analysis was performed by comparing the thyroid disease group to the control group and the second analysis was performed by comparing the hyperthyroidism subgroup, hypothyroidism subgroup, and control group.The occurrence of T2D in the thyroid disease group was higher than the control group with hazard ratio (HR) of 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.16-1.31]. Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were significantly higher than control. Significantly higher HR was also seen in female patients, age category of 18 to 39-year-old (y/o) and 40 to 64 y/o subgroups. Higher occurrence of T2D was also seen in thyroid disease patients without comorbidity than in the control group with HR of 1.47 (95% CI = 1.34-1.60). The highest HR was found in the half-year follow-up.There was a relatively high risk of T2D development in patients with thyroid dysfunctions, especially in the period of 0.5 to 1 year after presentation of thyroid dysfunctions. The results suggest performing blood sugar tests in patients with thyroid diseases for early detection and treatment of T2D.
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