ArticleObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2019
The Potential Role of Protein Leverage in the US Obesity Epidemic.
Article in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake.Cell metabolism · 2019Trial
- Protein Decoys, Alcohol, and Energy Intake: Testing a Mechanistic-Ecological Model.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Review
- Food Macronutrient Composition Influences Attentional Bias Toward Food Cues.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Article
- Integrated behavioral and metabolically flexible responses of wild orangutans to ecologically driven dietary variation.Science advances · 2025Article
- Dietary macronutrient content and energy intake in the mouse: hedonic or homeostatic override?Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Article
- Reverse-engineering the Venus figurines: An eco-life-course hypothesis for the aetiology of obesity in the Palaeolithic.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2024Review
- Protein appetite as an integrator in the obesity system: the protein leverage hypothesis.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- From dearth to excess: the rise of obesity in an ultra-processed food system.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- No strong evidence of the protein leverage hypothesis in pregnant women with obesity and their infants.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2023Article
- Evidence for protein leverage in a general population sample of children and adolescents.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Nutrigonometry IV: Thales' theorem to measure the rules of dietary compromise in animals.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Macronutrient (im)balance drives energy intake in an obesogenic food environment: An ecological analysis.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2022Article
- Article
- Testing the protein-leverage hypothesis using population surveillance data.Royal Society open science · 2022Article
- The effects of three weight management methods on body composition and serum lipids of overweight and obese people.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Protein Appetite at the Interface between Nutrient Sensing and Physiological Homeostasis.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Caloric RestrictionNutrients · 2021Article
- Protein Appetite Drives Macronutrient-Related Differences in Ventral Tegmental Area Neural Activity.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2021Article
- Age-dependent effects of protein restriction on dopamine release.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Article
- Low Carbohydrate Dietary Approaches for People With Type 2 Diabetes-A Narrative Review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Review
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Abstract
The protein leverage model of obesity posits that decreasing the protein fraction of the diet leads to compensatory increases in total energy intake in an attempt to maintain a target amount of absolute protein consumed. The resulting increased energy intake thereby causes weight gain. According to food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, while the absolute protein content of the US food supply has increased since the early 1970s, the fraction of available calories from protein has decreased by ~1% because of greater increases in available carbohydrate and fat. Counterintuitively, even such a small decrease in the protein fraction of the food supply has the potential to result in relatively large increases in energy intake according to the protein leverage model. Therefore, while the protein leverage effect is unlikely to fully explain the obesity epidemic, its potential contribution should not be ignored.
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