ArticleAutism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research2019
Neonatal vitamin D status in relation to autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay in the CHARGE case-control study.
Article in Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis and symptoms in offspring: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Modifiable Nutritional Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Vitamin D, BInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal Vitamin D Levels during Pregnancy and Offspring Psychiatric Outcomes: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- The Association between Vitamin D Status and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Maternal Dietary Factors and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review of Existing Evidence.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of vitamin D deficiency on neurobehavioural outcomes in children: a systematic review.Wellcome open research · 2020Pooled it
- Vitamin D supplementation in the first 2 years and autism spectrum traits at 6-8 years - a randomized clinical trial.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Trial
- Vitamin D in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Critical Systematic Review of Evidence and Methodological Limitations.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Environmental factors associated with autism spectrum disorder in Southern Europe: a systematic review.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2025Review
- Healthy Prenatal Dietary Pattern and Offspring Autism.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Developmental vitamin D-deficiency produces autism-relevant behaviours and gut-health associated alterations in a rat model.Translational psychiatry · 2023Article
- Prenatal maternal and cord blood vitamin D concentrations and negative affectivity in infancy.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
- Vitamin D and the Central Nervous System: Causative and Preventative Mechanisms in Brain Disorders.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Vitamin D Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Determinants and Effects of the Response to Probiotic Supplementation.Metabolites · 2022Article
- Vitamin AD Drops are More Effective than Intramuscular Injection of Thymosin in Reducing the Rate of Growth Retardation in Children.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Article
- A profile and review of findings from the Early Markers for Autism study: unique contributions from a population-based case-control study in California.Molecular autism · 2021Review
- The Association of Vitamin D and Neurodevelopmental Status Among 2 Years Old Infants.Global pediatric health · 2021Article
- Vitamin D: Brain and Behavior.JBMR plus · 2021Article
- Developmental vitamin D deficiency increases foetal exposure to testosterone.Molecular autism · 2020Article
- Maternal Vitamin D Levels During Pregnancy in Association With Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) or Intellectual Disability (ID) in Offspring; Exploring Non-linear Patterns and Demographic Sub-groups.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Vitamin D appears essential for normal neurodevelopment and cognitive and behavioral function. We examined neonatal vitamin D in relation to the child's later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or developmental delay (DD). Children aged 24-60 months enrolled in the population-based CHARGE case-control study were evaluated clinically for ASD (n = 357), DD (n = 134), or typical development (TD, n = 234) at the MIND Institute (Sacramento, CA) using standardized assessments. Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) was measured using sensitive isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in archived dried blood spots collected for the California Department of Public Health's Newborn Screening Program. Multinomial logistic regression was used to calculate ORs as measures of the associations between 25 nmol/L change in 25(OH)D and ASD and DD. Associations between 25(OH)D and scores on Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales were assessed using robust linear regression. Effect modification was examined using stratified models and interaction product terms. Unadjusted mean (SD) 25(OH)D was lower for DD (73.2 [37.6]) than for TD (82.7 [39.3]) and ASD (80.1 [37.4]). After adjustment for maternal prepregnancy body mass index and education, a 25 nmol/L increase in total 25(OH)D was not associated with ASD (OR = 0.97; CI: 0.87-1.08) or DD (OR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.78-1.06). Neonatal 25(OH)D was associated with significantly reduced ASD only in females (adjusted OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55-0.99, P
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.