ReviewFluids and barriers of the CNS2019
The need for mathematical modelling of spatial drug distribution within the brain.
Review in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dead-Space Microdomains as Explicit Barriers to Extracellular Drug Transport in Alzheimer's Disease.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- Towards Precise Modelling of Diffusion Across the Blood-Brain Barrier.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Article
- Unlocking drug development: the distinctive roles of PET and SPECT imaging from molecular kinetics to therapeutic response.Archives of pharmacal research · 2026Review
- Quercetin-Loaded Ginkgo Starch Nanoparticles: A Promising Strategy to Improve Bioactive Delivery and Cellular Homeostasis in Functional Foods.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Mechanistic Modeling of Spatial Heterogeneity of Drug Penetration and Exposure in the Human Central Nervous System and Brain Tumors.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Perspective Strategies for Interventions in Parkinsonism: Remedying the Neglected Role of TPPP.Cells · 2024Article
- Pharmacokinetic Model-Based Control across the Blood-Brain Barrier for Circadian Entrainment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Surgical Management of Brain Tumors with Focused Ultrasound.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Review
- Modeling Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability to Solutes and Drugs In Vivo.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, KPharmaceutical research · 2022Article
- Towards a translational physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for receptor-mediated transcytosis of anti-transferrin receptor monoclonal antibodies in the central nervous system.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics · 2022Article
- Intranasal Delivery of Darunavir-Loaded Mucoadhesive In Situ Gel: Experimental Design, In Vitro Evaluation, and Pharmacokinetic Studies.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Brain Distribution of Drugs: Pharmacokinetic Considerations.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2022Article
- Application of a multicomponent model of convectional reaction-diffusion to description of glucose gradients in a neurovascular unit.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Brain Distribution of Drugs: Brain Morphology, Delivery Routes, and Species Differences.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2022Article
- Delivery strategies for cell-based therapies in the brain: overcoming multiple barriers.Drug delivery and translational research · 2021Article
- Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid-to-brain extracellular fluid surrogacy is context-specific: insights from LeiCNS-PK3.0 simulations.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics · 2021Article
- On the microstructural origin of brain white matter hydraulic permeability.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling for Predicting Brain Levels of Drug in Rat.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is the main barrier that separates the blood from the brain. Because of the BBB, the drug concentration-time profile in the brain may be substantially different from that in the blood. Within the brain, the drug is subject to distributional and elimination processes: diffusion, bulk flow of the brain extracellular fluid (ECF), extra-intracellular exchange, bulk flow of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), binding and metabolism. Drug effects are driven by the concentration of a drug at the site of its target and by drug-target interactions. Therefore, a quantitative understanding is needed of the distribution of a drug within the brain in order to predict its effect. Mathematical models can help in the understanding of drug distribution within the brain. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of system-specific and drug-specific properties that affect the local distribution of drugs in the brain and of currently existing mathematical models that describe local drug distribution within the brain. Furthermore, we provide an overview on which processes have been addressed in these models and which have not. Altogether, we conclude that there is a need for a more comprehensive and integrated model that fills the current gaps in predicting the local drug distribution within the brain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.