SynthesisThe Gerontologist2020
The Impact of Retirement on Cardiovascular Disease and Its Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies.
Synthesis in The Gerontologist, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed.
- Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Diet Quality are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Severity: The PREDIMED-Plus Study.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Article
- Working out of necessity: how job lock shapes health for older workers.The Gerontologist · 2026Article
- Timing of retirement and cognitive decline among older black adults: Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR).Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Employment status and cardiometabolic multimorbidity: results from China health and retirement longitudinal study.Population health metrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Multimorbidity as a driver of heart diseases risk among low socioeconomic older adults population in India.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity in the association between retirement and cognitive function: a machine learning analysis across 19 countries.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Changes in life satisfaction and leisure-time physical activity across retirement transition: the FIREA cohort study.European journal of ageing · 2025Article
- Changes in food habits during the transition to retirement: the Whitehall II cohort study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Lifestyle changes after retirement: a Grounded Theory.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2025Article
- Does the time spent in retirement improve health? An IV-Poisson assessment on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Longitudinal Associations between 24-h Movement Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: A Natural Experiment over Retirement.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2024Article
- Behavioral-Social Rhythms and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Retired Night Shift Workers and Retired Day Workers.Psychosomatic medicine · 2024Article
- The effect of retirement on physical and mental health in China: a nonparametric fuzzy regression discontinuity study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Material and social deprivation associated with public health actual causes of death among older people in Europe: longitudinal and multilevel results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The Impact of Old Age Pension Eligibility on Alcohol Consumption: Evidence From a Population-Based Study in Rural South Africa.Innovation in aging · 2024Article
- Retirement transition and smoking and drinking behaviors in older Chinese adults: Analysis from the CHARLS study.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Trajectories of hospitalizations after age-based statutory retirement.European journal of ageing · 2023Article
- Trajectories of CVD medication after statutory retirement: contributions of pre-retirement sociodemographic, work and health-related factors: a register study in Finland.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesPeople are now spending longer in retirement than ever before and retirement has been found to influence health. This study systematically reviewed the impact of retirement on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors (metabolic risk factors, blood biomarkers, physical activity, smoking, drinking, and diet). RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsLongitudinal studies published in Medline, Embase, Social Science Citation Index, PsycINFO, and Social Policy and Practice were searched. No language restrictions were applied if there was an English abstract. Eighty-two longitudinal studies were included after critical appraisals.
resultsStudies in the United States often found no significant effect of retirement on CVD, while studies in European countries, except France, showed a detrimental effect of retirement on CVD. Results from the United States and several European countries consistently show that retirement increase adiposity measures among those retired from physically demanding jobs. For diabetes and hypertension, five out of nine studies suggest no effect of retirement. Retirement has been repeatedly linked to increasing leisure-time physical activity but may reduce work- and transport-related physical activity in turn. Most studies showed that retirement either decreased smoking or had no effect on smoking. The evidence did not show a clear conclusion on drinking. Only a few studies have assessed the impact on diet and blood biomarkers. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Effect of retirement varies according to the health outcomes studied and country of the study population. Policy concerning extending the retirement age needs to focus on ensuring they are suited to the individual.
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