ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2019
Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 157 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
157 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 350 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hormone therapy and cancer risks in transgender people: a systematic review.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic Review on Gender-Affirming Testosterone Therapy and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Challenge for Physicians Treating Patients from Transgender and Gender-Diverse Populations.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Aspects to consider regarding breast cancer risk in trans men: A systematic review and risk management approach.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Postmastectomy Reconstruction in Male Breast Cancer.The breast journal · 2022Pooled it
- Hormonal Gender Reassignment Treatment for Gender Dysphoria.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2020Pooled it
- Breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals: systematic review, case report, and recommendations for screening.Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2020Pooled it
- Addition of progesterone to feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender individuals for breast development: a randomized controlled trial.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2023Trial
- Article
- Sex differences in non-reproductive cancers: mechanistic roles of sex-hormone signaling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Characteristics of Gender-Diverse Patients With Breast Cancer.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Identifying Breast Cancer Risk in Patients Undergoing Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery.Journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- An 8-gene diabetes-related signature predicts survival and immunotherapy response in breast cancer.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Likelihood of breast cancer among women presenting with breast-related symptoms in primary care, with a focus on isolated mastalgia: a retrospective cohort study.BMC primary care · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer Presentation and Treatment Patterns in Sexual and Gender Minorities.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Multi-Targeted Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Breast Cancer.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Breast Cancer Risk Assessment after Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery: The Case for Standardized Documentation and Clinical Guidelines.Annals of surgery open : perspectives of surgical history, education, and clinical approaches · 2026Article
- All-cause and cause-specific mortality among transgender and gender diverse people: a nationwide cohort study in Australia.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Barriers to Care Among LGBT Cancer Survivors: An Analysis of the All of Us Research Program.Cancers · 2026Article
- The case for a unified health system (SUS)-funded integrated transgender health clinic in a Brazilian urban center.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Information Needs and Preferences of Men With Breast Cancer: A Qualitative Analysis of Internet Forum Posts.The breast journal · 2026Article
97 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the incidence and characteristics of breast cancer in transgender people in the Netherlands compared with the general Dutch population.
designRetrospective, nationwide cohort study.
settingSpecialised tertiary gender clinic in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
participants2260 adult trans women (male sex assigned at birth, female gender identity) and 1229 adult trans men (female sex assigned at birth, male gender identity) who received gender affirming hormone treatment.
main outcome measuresIncidence and characteristics (eg, histology, hormone receptor status) of breast cancer in transgender people.
resultsThe total person time in this cohort was 33 991 years for trans women and 14 883 years for trans men. In the 2260 trans women in the cohort, 15 cases of invasive breast cancer were identified (median duration of hormone treatment 18 years, range 7-37 years). This was 46-fold higher than in cisgender men (standardised incidence ratio 46.7, 95% confidence interval 27.2 to 75.4) but lower than in cisgender women (0.3, 0.2 to 0.4). Most tumours were of ductal origin and oestrogen and progesterone receptor positive, and 8.3% were human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) positive. In 1229 trans men, four cases of invasive breast cancer were identified (median duration of hormone treatment 15 years, range 2-17 years). This was lower than expected compared with cisgender women (standardised incidence ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval 0.1 to 0.5).
conclusionsThis study showed an increased risk of breast cancer in trans women compared with cisgender men, and a lower risk in trans men compared with cisgender women. In trans women, the risk of breast cancer increased during a relatively short duration of hormone treatment and the characteristics of the breast cancer resembled a more female pattern. These results suggest that breast cancer screening guidelines for cisgender people are sufficient for transgender people using hormone treatment.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.