ArticleNature microbiology2019
The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock and wildlife.
Article in Nature microbiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 143 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
143 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 282 citations in OpenAlex.
- Postexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment of Bacillus anthracis Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses of Animal Models, 1947-2019.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Death or Meningitis in Adults Hospitalized for Cutaneous Anthrax, 1950-2018: A Systematic Review.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Pooled it
- Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys.Preventive veterinary medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Global surveillance of anthrax outbreaks in domestic animals and humans: A retrospective secondary analysis of reported cases over two decades (2005-2024).One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Article
- Investigating Bacillus anthracis genomic diversity and trait-specific lineages in an endemic area in northern Tanzania through a combination of traditional and culture-free sequencing approaches.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Whole-genome sequence ofMicrobiology resource announcements · 2026Article
- Recent Anthrax Outbreak and Zoonotic Transmission in Northern Bangladesh.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Modeling the impact of anthrax vaccination on buffalo outbreak dynamics in northern Vietnam.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Synthetic peptide-based latex agglutination test for the detection ofRSC advances · 2026Article
- Hair and wool of ruminants and canines as environmental vectors of Bacillus anthracis and potential human exposure in anthrax-endemic regions.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- One-step synthesis of a Tb-PET MOF for quantitative visual sensing of Anthrax biomarker.Food chemistry: X · 2026Article
- Multi-tope subunit vaccine for human anthrax through pan-genome-based reverse vaccinology approach.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Article
- Stigmatizing bioterrorism as a public health concern: The case of anthrax in US media.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Aptamer-functionalized magnetic beads combined with hybridization chain reaction for detection of Bacillus cereus.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Anthrax-causing bacteria form biofilms on a soil-inspired porous glass bead model.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Genomic adaptability and virulence of Bacillus anthracis: a machine learning-based pan-genome and comparative analysis.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Global distribution and multidimensional risk assessment of brucellosis in humans, livestock, and wildlife.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- The impact of bacterial and viral diseases on dromedary camel (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 12 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium responsible for anthrax, an acute infection that most significantly affects grazing livestock and wild ungulates, but also poses a threat to human health. The geographic extent of B. anthracis is poorly understood, despite multi-decade research on anthrax epizootic and epidemic dynamics; many countries have limited or inadequate surveillance systems, even within known endemic regions. Here, we compile a global occurrence dataset of human, livestock and wildlife anthrax outbreaks. With these records, we use boosted regression trees to produce a map of the global distribution of B. anthracis as a proxy for anthrax risk. We estimate that 1.83 billion people (95% credible interval (CI): 0.59-4.16 billion) live within regions of anthrax risk, but most of that population faces little occupational exposure. More informatively, a global total of 63.8 million poor livestock keepers (95% CI: 17.5-168.6 million) and 1.1 billion livestock (95% CI: 0.4-2.3 billion) live within vulnerable regions. Human and livestock vulnerability are both concentrated in rural rainfed systems throughout arid and temperate land across Eurasia, Africa and North America. We conclude by mapping where anthrax risk could disrupt sensitive conservation efforts for wild ungulates that coincide with anthrax-prone landscapes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.