ArticleScientific reports2019
The activity of the saponin ginsenoside Rh2 is enhanced by the interaction with membrane sphingomyelin but depressed by cholesterol.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in Research onInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Tumor-targeted liposomal RNAi therapy suppresses breast cancer and modulates tumor microenvironment.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- The Antileishmanial Activity of Eugenol Associated with Lipid Storage Reduction Rather Than Membrane Properties Alterations.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Molecular Bases of the Interaction between a Saponin from the Roots ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Probable Mechanisms of Doxorubicin Antitumor Activity Enhancement by Ginsenoside Rh2.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Article
- The Role of Cholesterol on Triterpenoid Saponin-Induced Endolysosomal Escape of a Saporin-Based Immunotoxin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Synergistic Mechanisms of Constituents in Herbal Extracts during Intestinal Absorption: Focus on Natural Occurring Nanoparticles.Pharmaceutics · 2020Review
- Lipid Membranes as Key Targets for the Pharmacological Actions of Ginsenosides.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The membrane activity of some saponins, such as digitonin or alpha-hederin, is usually attributed to their interaction with membrane cholesterol (Chol). This contrasts with our recent publication showing that Chol, contrary to sphingomyelin (SM), can delay the cytotoxicity of the saponin ginsenoside Rh2, challenging the usual view that most saponins mediate their membrane effects through interaction with Chol. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the respective importance of Chol and SM as compared to phosphatidylcholine (PC) species in the membrane-related effects of Rh2. On simple lipid monolayers, Rh2 interacted more favorably with eggSM and DOPC than with Chol and eggPC. Using Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUVs) of binary or ternary lipid compositions, we showed that Rh2 increased vesicle size, decreased membrane fluidity and induced membrane permeability with the following preference: eggSM:eggPC > eggSM:eggPC:Chol > eggPC:Chol. On Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs), we evidenced that Rh2 generated positive curvatures in eggSM-containing GUVs and small buds followed by intra-luminal vesicles in eggSM-free GUVs. Altogether, our data indicate that eggSM promotes and accelerates membrane-related effects induced by Rh2 whereas Chol slows down and depresses these effects. This study reconsiders the theory that Chol is the only responsible for the activity of saponins.
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