ArticlePloS one2019
Efficiency of chlorine and UV in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Zoonotic Transmission Potential of Cryptosporidium spp. in Snakes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Pooled it
- Occurrence of Waterborne Protozoa in a Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant in China by High-Throughput Screening and Genotyping.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Paromomycin improves clinical outcomes and growth performance compared with halofuginone in dairy calves naturally exposed toVeterinary and animal science · 2026Article
- Enzymatic Degradation ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Silver nanoparticles in water disinfection: a comprehensive overview on their mechanisms, benefits, and limitations.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Antiparasitic Potential of Bioactive Compounds FromJournal of parasitology research · 2026Review
- The Synergistic Effect of Tanabesol and Calcium Hydroxide onInternational journal of veterinary science and medicine · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoa Among Patients Living with HIV in the Peruvian Amazon.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Permeabilization ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- UV radiation at 222, 254, and 282 nm inhibits sporulation and suppresses infectivity ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
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- A Pumpless and Tubeless Microfluidic Device Enables Extended In Vitro Development ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Reinforcing Feedbacks for Sustainable Implementation of Rural Drinking-Water Treatment Technology.ACS ES&T water · 2024Article
- Molecular Targets of the 5-Amido-Carboxamide Bumped Kinase Inhibitor BKI-1748 inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Molecular Detection and Epidemiology of Potentially ZoonoticAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- The Minus Approach Can Redefine the Standard of Practice of Drinking Water Treatment.Environmental science & technology · 2023Review
- Influence of Selected Factors on the Survival Assessment and Detection ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A novel, stain-free, natural auto-fluorescent signal, Sig M, identified from cytometric and transcriptomic analysis of infectivity ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Nutritional Status in Children under Five Years Old: A Systematic Review.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Wastewater from different sources is contaminated by protozoan parasites including Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Many protozoan parasites are becoming resistant to chemical treatment. The challenge of finding alternatives is presented to researchers by exploring other methods of eliminating protozoan parasites from wastewater. The aim of this study was to assess the speciation and the viability of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in environmental samples with the specific objective of evaluating if effluent chlorination and UV affect the viability. Different doses of chlorine with different exposure times were experimented with both distilled water and waste water spiked with (oo)cysts derived from environmental samples. UV irradiation at different doses was also experimented using the same spiked samples. Two methods of quantification and detection, namely, microscopy and flow cytometry, were used in the experiment. Two vital dyes, Syto-9+PI and DAPI+PI, were the used for staining the collected wastewater samples. It was found that the (oo)cysts responded to chlorination and UV treatments with Giardia responding better than Cryptosporidium. Giardia responded very well to UV irradiations with almost 0 percent remaining viable after a low dose of UV. Cryptosporidium was found to be resistant to chlorination even at high doses but responded well to high UV doses. DAPI+PI dye gave a lower mean percentage viability values than Syto-9+PI. Flow cytometry gave higher mean percentage than microscopy from the results. It is concluded that UV is a promising alternative to Chlorine in removing Cryptosporidium and Giardia from waste water. Appropriate treatment method for wastewater is necessary to minimize water resources pollution when wastewater is released into water systems.
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Registered trials
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