Observational studyMedicine2019
The tongue features associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Observational study in Medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04559958 (Tongue Inspection and Diagnosis for Chronic Kidney Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Tongue Inspection and Diagnosis for Chronic Kidney Disease: Protocol for a Cross-sectional, Case-controlled Observational Study
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Image to Diagnosis: Convolutional Neural Networks in Tongue Lesions.Journal of imaging informatics in medicine · 2026Article
- AI-driven tongue image analysis for diagnosing and predicting coronary artery disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Perspectives on tongue coating: etiology, clinical management, and associated diseases - a narrative review.The Saudi dental journal · 2025Review
- Artificial Intelligence in Oral Diagnosis: Detecting Coated Tongue with Convolutional Neural Networks.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Retroflex tongue as a non-invasive neurological marker of functional severity in older adults with ischemic stroke: a retrospective observational study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Application of intelligent tongue image analysis in Conjunction with microbiomes in the diagnosis of MAFLD.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Noninvasive Diagnostic Technique for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Based on Features of Tongue Images.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2024Article
- Distinct microbiome of tongue coating and gut in type 2 diabetes with yellow tongue coating.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Predicting the diabetic foot in the population of type 2 diabetes mellitus from tongue images and clinical information using multi-modal deep learning.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Using Advanced Convolutional Neural Network Approaches to Reveal Patient Age, Gender, and Weight Based on Tongue Images.BioMed research international · 2024Article
- Dark red tongue color formation caused by hyperglycemia is attributed to decreased blood flow of tongue tissue partially due to nuclear factor-kappa B pathway activation.Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2023Article
- Mirror-like tongue is an important predictor of acute heart failure: a cohort study of acute heart failure in Chinese patients.Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2023Observational
- Oral Manifestations: A Reliable Indicator for Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus Patients.European journal of dentistry · 2023Article
- Article
- Microbial community structure of different tongue fur types in patients with chronic gastritis.Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2023Article
- Article
- Tongue diagnosis index of chronic kidney disease.Biomedical journal · 2023Observational
- A Framework to Predict Gastric Cancer Based on Tongue Features and Deep Learning.Micromachines · 2022Article
- Article
- Exploring the pivotal variables of tongue diagnosis between patients with acute ischemic stroke and health participants.Journal of traditional and complementary medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a public problem closely associated with numerous oral complications, such as coated tongue, xerostomia, salivary dysfunction, etc. Tongue diagnosis plays an important role in clinical prognosis and treatment of diabetes in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This study investigated discriminating tongue features to distinguish between type 2 DM and non-DM individuals through non-invasive TCM tongue diagnosis.The tongue features for 199 patients with type 2 DM, and 372 non-DM individuals, serving as control, are extracted by the automatic tongue diagnosis system (ATDS). A total of 9 tongue features, namely, tongue shape, tongue color, fur thickness, fur color, saliva, tongue fissure, ecchymosis, teeth mark, and red dot. The demography, laboratory, physical examination, and tongue manifestation data between 2 groups were compared.Patients with type 2 DM possessed significantly larger covering area of yellow fur (58.5% vs 22.5%, P < .001), thick fur (50.8% vs 29.2%, P < .001), and bluish tongue (P < .001) than those of the control group. Also, a significantly higher portion (72.7% vs 55.2%, P < .05) of patients with long-term diabetics having yellow fur color than the short-term counterparts was observed.The high prevalence of thick fur, yellow fur color, and bluish tongue in patient with type 2 DM revealed that TCM tongue diagnosis can serve as a preliminary screening procedure in the early detection of type 2 DM in light of its simple and non-invasive nature, followed by other more accurate testing process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt in applying non-invasive TCM tongue diagnosis to the discrimination of type 2 DM patients and non-DM individuals.
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