Trial reportThe Journal of clinical investigation2019
Breast milk alkylglycerols sustain beige adipocytes through adipose tissue macrophages.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- New Mediators in the Crosstalk between Different Adipose Tissues.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Milk phospholipid-coated lipid droplets modulate the infant gut microbiota and metabolome influencing weight gain.Microbiome · 2025Trial
- Article
- Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids and alkyl-diacylglycerols: minor but bioactive components in human milk.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Lim Homeobox 8 Is Essential for Beta Adrenergic Stimulation of Thermogenesis in Human Adipocytes.Cells · 2026Article
- Exclusive Breastfeeding Drives AMPK-Dependent Thermogenic Memory in BAT and Promotes Long-Term Metabolic Benefits in Offspring.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue lipidome in children reveals novel lipid species involved in obesity.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2026Article
- Lipid pathways connecting maternal BMI with infant obesity risk.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The protective effect of breastfeeding on infant inflammation: a mediation analysis of the plasma lipidome and metabolome.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Phosphatidylethanolamine/PKA signal axis mediated human milk extracellular vesicles enhance adipose thermogenesis and lipolysis via mitochondrial remodeling.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Omega-3, Omega-6, and Endocannabinoid Content of Human, Cattle, Goat, and Formula Milk.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- White Adipocyte Stem Cell Expansion Through Infant Formula Feeding: New Insights into Epigenetic Programming Explaining the Early Protein Hypothesis of Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Is Breastfeeding an Effective Approach to Reduce Metabolic Risk After GDM in Mothers and Infants?Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Sexual dimorphism in the association of umbilical cord blood lipidome with abdominal fat in early childhood.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Inflammation in Obesity: A Two-Sided Coin of Protection and Risk.Cells · 2025Review
- Human milk-derived 5'-UMP promotes thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis to ameliorate obesity.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Adipose Tissue Macrophages of the Human Fetus.Cells · 2024Article
- Key questions and gaps in understanding adipose tissue macrophages and early-life metabolic programming.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- Article
- Adipocyte Mitochondria: Deciphering Energetic Functions across Fat Depots in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
21 authors at 8 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Prevalence of obesity among infants and children below 5 years of age is rising dramatically, and early childhood obesity is a forerunner of obesity and obesity-associated diseases in adulthood. Childhood obesity is hence one of the most serious public health challenges today. Here, we have identified a mother-to-child lipid signaling that protects from obesity. We have found that breast milk-specific lipid species, so-called alkylglycerol-type (AKG-type) ether lipids, which are absent from infant formula and adult-type diets, maintain beige adipose tissue (BeAT) in the infant and impede the transformation of BeAT into lipid-storing white adipose tissue (WAT). Breast milk AKGs are metabolized by adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) to platelet-activating factor (PAF), which ultimately activates IL-6/STAT3 signaling in adipocytes and triggers BeAT development in the infant. Accordingly, lack of AKG intake in infancy leads to a premature loss of BeAT and increases fat accumulation. AKG signaling is specific for infants and is inactivated in adulthood. However, in obese adipose tissue, ATMs regain their ability to metabolize AKGs, which reduces obesity. In summary, AKGs are specific lipid signals of breast milk that are essential for healthy adipose tissue development.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.