ReviewThe American psychologist2020
Understanding, educating, and supporting children with specific learning disabilities: 50 years of science and practice.
Review in The American psychologist, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 354 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early childhood exposure to general anesthesia and subsequent risk of learning disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Pooled it
- Supporting parents of children with learning disorders: a systematic review of intervention strategies.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of imaging genetics studies of specific reading disorder.Cognitive neuropsychology · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of the Consequences of Stigma and Stereotype Threat for Individuals With Specific Learning Disabilities.Journal of learning disabilitiesPooled it
- Investigating the Maintained Motor Skill Achievements in a Visual Praxis Based Occupational Therapy Program: Single Blind Randomized Follow up Study.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Trial
- Factors associated with better emotional, behavioural and educational outcomes in children with mild intellectual difficulties.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- A South African Investigation Into Etiological and Background Factors in Developmental Dyslexia.Dyslexia (Chichester, England) · 2026Article
- Multidimensional burden of raising children with learning disabilities: a mothers' perspective on economic, psychological, and social challenges.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Caregiver perceptions of online peer mentoring for youth with learning differences.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integrating Transdiagnostic and Biopsychosocial Approaches to Move Beyond Categorical Diagnoses in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Perspective Review.PsyCh journal · 2026Review
- The effect of badminton training on the attention and motor skills performance of integrated students: a study including children with specific learning disorders (SLD).BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- What Lies Behind Diagnostic Labels? High Intra-Individual Variability Is the True Cognitive Signature of University Students with Specific Learning Disorders.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Trends in testing effect research: from lab to classroom, but not yet for all learners.NPJ science of learning · 2026Review
- Long-term follow-up of offspring of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus: an observational study.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Observational
- Parental awareness, diagnostic processes, and support needs regarding mathematical learning difficulties.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of a remedial educational program on enhancing spelling skills in primary school students with learning disabilities.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Interventions for children and adolescents with specific learning disability and co-occurring disorders.Pediatric research · 2025Review
- Four Decades of Inquiry Into the Genetic Bases of Specific Reading Disability.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2025Review
- Toward a Consensus Model of Cognitive-Reading Achievement Relations Using Meta-Structural Equation Modeling.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Article
- At-School Telerehabilitation for Rett Syndrome: Support Teachers Driving Cognitive and Communication Progress in a Randomized Trial.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Specific learning disabilities (SLDs) are highly relevant to the science and practice of psychology, both historically and currently, exemplifying the integration of interdisciplinary approaches to human conditions. They can be manifested as primary conditions-as difficulties in acquiring specific academic skills-or as secondary conditions, comorbid to other developmental disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In this synthesis of historical and contemporary trends in research and practice, we mark the 50th anniversary of the recognition of SLDs as a disability in the United States. Specifically, we address the manifestations, occurrence, identification, comorbidity, etiology, and treatment of SLDs, emphasizing the integration of information from the interdisciplinary fields of psychology, education, psychiatry, genetics, and cognitive neuroscience. SLDs, exemplified here by specific word reading, reading comprehension, mathematics, and written expression disabilities, represent spectrum disorders, each occurring in approximately 5% to 15% of the school-aged population. In addition to risk for academic deficiencies and related functional social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties, those with SLDs often have poorer long-term social and vocational outcomes. Given the high rate of occurrence of SLDs and their lifelong negative impact on functioning if not treated, it is important to establish and maintain effective prevention, surveillance, and treatment systems involving professionals from various disciplines trained to minimize the risk and maximize the protective factors for SLDs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.