ReviewJournal of internal medicine2019
The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more!
Review in Journal of internal medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 198 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
198 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 358 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship and Gender Disparity Between Thyroid Nodules and Metabolic Syndrome Components Based on a Recent Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of Probiotics on Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Efficacy of morning versus afternoon aerobic exercise training on reducing metabolic syndrome components: A randomized controlled trial.The Journal of physiology · 2024Trial
- Sleep Quality, Metabolic Function, Physical Activity, and Neurocognition Among Individuals with Resistant Hypertension.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Trial
- Analysis of the evolving disease burden of female infertility and its associated risk factors.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2026Article
- Association between ln(FPG/HDL-C) × BMI and self-reported obstructive sleep apnea: A cross-sectional study using NHANES data.Medicine · 2026Article
- Hepatic Steatosis: A Pandemic Disease Causing Serious Secondary Diseases.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2026Review
- Circadian Syndrome and Stress Urinary Incontinence in Adult American Women: A NHANES Cross-Sectional Study.Urology research & practice · 2026Article
- Genetic architecture of a Circadian Imbalance Index: genome-wide association, phenome-wide association, and Mendelian randomisation analyses.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- The Use of Population Isolates to Identify Metabolic Syndrome's Genetic Aetiology.Molecular genetics & genomic medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Circadian syndrome and its components in relation to incident gastroesophageal reflux disease: a prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Associations between multiple metabolic indices and circadian syndrome: a cross-sectional study with mediation analysis of the C-reactive protein triglyceride glucose index.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Article
- Hyperuricemia as a Biomarker for Circadian Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study.Clocks & sleep · 2026Article
- Prospective association between circadian syndrome and incident chronic lung disease in the CHARLS and ELSA cohorts.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Non-traditional metabolic indices predict incident circadian syndrome in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a nationwide prospective cohort study and machine learning analysis.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Observational
- Association between relative muscle strength and circadian syndrome among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The influence of physical activity on circadian syndrome: a nationwide prospective study based on the CHARLS cohort.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Coffee consumption in relation to circadian syndrome in US population: a cross-sectional study.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
138 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Metabolic Syndrome is a cluster of cardio-metabolic risk factors and comorbidities conveying high risk of both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. It is responsible for huge socio-economic costs with its resulting morbidity and mortality in most countries. The underlying aetiology of this clustering has been the subject of much debate. More recently, significant interest has focussed on the involvement of the circadian system, a major regulator of almost every aspect of human health and metabolism. The Circadian Syndrome has now been implicated in several chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is now increasing evidence connecting disturbances in circadian rhythm with not only the key components of the Metabolic Syndrome but also its main comorbidities including sleep disturbances, depression, steatohepatitis and cognitive dysfunction. Based on this, we now propose that circadian disruption may be an important underlying aetiological factor for the Metabolic Syndrome and we suggest that it be renamed the 'Circadian Syndrome'. With the increased recognition of the 'Circadian Syndrome', circadian medicine, through the timing of exercise, light exposure, food consumption, dispensing of medications and sleep, is likely to play a much greater role in the maintenance of both individual and population health in the future.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.