SynthesisBioMed research international2019
Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A for Limb Spasticity after Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Synthesis in BioMed research international, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of lower limb botulinum toxin injections on gait functional outcomes in stroke survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of botulinum toxin A combined with extracorporeal shockwave therapy in post-stroke spasticity: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Combined effects and timing of robotic training and botulinum toxin on upper limb spasticity and motor function: a single‑blinded randomized controlled pilot study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Long-term effect of additional rehabilitation following botulinum toxin-A on upper limb activity in chronic stroke: the InTENSE randomised trial.BMC neurology · 2022Trial
- Characterization and clinical implications of ankle impedance during walking in chronic stroke.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Article
- Observational
- Forearm Supination Increases the Safety Corridor and Target Exposure for Ultrasound-Guided Flexor Pollicis Longus Injection: A Prospective Study in Healthy Adults.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Long-term safety and treatment discontinuation patterns of OnabotulinumtoxinA for post-stroke spasticity: a retrospective study.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Botulinum Toxin Underuse in Older Stroke Survivors with Spasticity: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.Neuroepidemiology · 2025Article
- Ultrasound guided transabdominal botulinum toxin injection for refractory overactive bladder treatment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effects of Electroacupuncture on Syt3 and GluA2 in Rats With Limb Spasms After Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Switox: Retrospective Analysis of Botulinum Toxin Switching in Management of Spasticity.Toxins · 2025Article
- The Esthetic Use of Botulinum Toxins in Cancer Patients: Providing a Foundation for Future Indications.Toxins · 2025Review
- Round-Sharp Needle for Limb Spasms After a Stroke: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Article
- Phase-Based Gait Prediction after Botulinum Toxin Treatment Using Deep Learning.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effect of Botulinum Toxin Injections in the Treatment of Spasticity of Different Etiologies: An Umbrella Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Best Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Modified Scoping Review.Toxins · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInconsistent data have been reported for the effectiveness of intramuscular botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) in patients with limb spasticity after stroke. This meta-analysis of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of BTXA in adult patients with upper and lower limb spasticity after stroke.
methodsAn electronic search was performed to select eligible RCTs in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library through December 2018. Summary standard mean differences (SMDs) and relative risk (RR) values with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were employed to assess effectiveness and safety outcomes, respectively.
resultsTwenty-seven RCTs involving a total of 2,793 patients met the inclusion criteria, including 16 and 9 trials assessing upper and lower limb spasticity cases, respectively. For upper limb spasticity, BTXA therapy significantly improved the levels of muscle tone (SMD=-0.76; 95% CI -0.97 to -0.55; P<0.001), physician global assessment (SMD=0.51; 95% CI 0.35-0.67; P<0.001), and disability assessment scale (SMD=-0.30; 95% CI -0.40 to -0.20; P<0.001), with no significant effects on active upper limb function (SMD=0.49; 95% CI -0.08 to 1.07; P=0.093) and adverse events (RR=1.18; 95% CI 0.72-1.93; P=0.509). For lower limb spasticity, BTXA therapy was associated with higher Fugl-Meyer score (SMD=5.09; 95%CI 2.16-8.01; P=0.001), but had no significant effects on muscle tone (SMD=-0.12; 95% CI -0.83 to 0.59; P=0.736), gait speed (SMD=0.06; 95% CI -0.02 to 0.15; P=0.116), and adverse events (RR=1.01; 95% CI 0.71-1.45; P=0.949).
conclusionsBTXA improves muscle tone, physician global assessment, and disability assessment scale in upper limb spasticity and increases the Fugl-Meyer score in lower limb spasticity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.