ArticleDose-response : a publication of International Hormesis Society
Association of Increased Risk of Pneumonia and Using Proton Pump Inhibitors in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus.
Article in Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis Society. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of dementia in a population-based cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Commonly prescribed medications and risk of pneumonia and all-cause mortality in people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a UK population-based cohort study.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2025Article
- A prospective cohort study of the incidence, etiology and outcome of pneumonia among cancer patients in an oncology intensive care unit from Eastern India.Ecancermedicalscience · 2025Article
- Statin Use and Reduced Risk of Pneumonia in Patients with Melioidosis: A Lung-Specific Statin Association.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2024Article
- Proton pump inhibitor usage associates with higher risk of first episodes of pneumonia and peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients.Renal failure · 2022Article
- A Prescribing Cascade of Proton Pump Inhibitors Following Anticholinergic Medications in Older Adults With Dementia.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- The Phylogeny and Biological Function of Gastric Juice-Microbiological Consequences of Removing Gastric Acid.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study explored the possible association between the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and the increased incidence of pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
methodsWe selected 4940 patients with T2DM of whom 988 and 3952 were enrolled in PPI and propensity score-matched control cohorts, respectively. All patients were followed from the index date until admission with pneumonia, withdrawal from the National Health Insurance program or the end of 2013. The PPIs associated with risk of incident pneumonia were examined. Furthermore, we assessed the risk of pneumonia according to annual defined daily doses in the PPI cohort.
resultsAfter a 14-year follow-up, the cumulative incidence of pneumonia in the PPI users was 11.4% higher than that in the controls (30.3% vs 18.9%). Compared to the controls, the PPI users had a 1.70-fold higher risk of pneumonia in the Cox proportional hazards model after adjustment for matched pairs. The risk of pneumonia increased with the annual PPI defined daily dose.
conclusionThe results of this population-based retrospective cohort study suggest that PPI use increased the risk of pneumonia in patients with T2DM. The effects were more prominent in patients administered higher doses of PPIs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.