ArticleBMJ open2019
Determinants of cigarette smoking status in a national cohort of black and white adult ever smokers in the USA: a cross-sectional analysis of the REGARDS study.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of genetic ancestry as a risk factor for incidence of non-small cell lung cancer in the US.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Pooled it
- Current prevalence pattern of tobacco smoking in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2019Pooled it
- Marital status and competing risks of mortality in non-small cell lung cancer: a SEER-based nomogram analysis.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- The impact of oral health disparities on smoking prevalence.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease incidence and all-cause mortality: the modifying role of diet quality.BMC public health · 2024Article
- D-dimer and the risk of hypertension: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Cohort Study.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2023Article
- Article
- The Association of Low Income and High Stress with Acute Care Use in COPD Patients.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.) · 2020Article
- Ever Use of E-Cigarettes Among Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study of Sociodemographic Factors.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWhile awareness of cigarette smoking's harmful effects has increased, determinants associated with smoking status remain understudied, including potential racial differences. We aim to examine factors associated with former versus current smoking status and assess whether these associations differed by race.
settingWe performed a cross-sectional analysis using the population-based Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke(REGARDS)study. OUTCOME MEASURES: Logistic regression was used to calculate the OR of former smoking status compared with current smoking status with risk factors of interest. Race interactions were tested using multiplicative interaction terms.
results16 463 participants reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. Seventy-three per cent (n=12 067) self-reported former-smoker status. Physical activity (reference (REF) <3×/week; >3×/week: OR=1.26, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.43), adherence to Mediterranean diet (REF: low; medium: OR=1.46, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.67; high: OR=2.20, 95% CI 1.84 to 2.64), daily television viewing time (REF: >4 hours; <1 hour: OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.60) and abstinence from alcohol use (REF: heavy; none: OR=1.50, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.91) were associated with former-smoker status. Male sex, higher education and income $35 000-$74 000 (REF: <$20 000) were also associated with former-smoker status. Factors associated with lower odds of reporting former-smoker status were younger age (REF: ≥65 years; 45-64 years: OR=0.34, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.39), black race (OR=0.62, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.72) and single marital status (REF: married status; OR=0.66, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.87), being divorced (OR=0.60, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.72) or widowed (OR=0.70, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.85). Significant interactions were observed between race and alcohol use and dyslipidaemia, such that black participants had higher odds of reporting former-smoker status if they were abstinent from alcohol (OR=2.32, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.68) or had a history of dyslipidaemia (OR=1.31, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.62), whereas these relationships were not statistically significant in white participants.
conclusionEfforts to promote tobacco cessation should consist of targeted behavioural interventions that incorporate racial differences.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.