ArticlePsychoneuroendocrinology2019
Extending the toxic stress model into adolescence: Profiles of cortisol reactivity.
Article in Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Exposure to community violence and biomarkers of allostatic load: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Lead exposure, glucocorticoids, and physiological stress across the life course: A systematic review.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2024Pooled it
- Using community-based participatory research to contextualize Latino exposure to community violence: A mixed qualitative and spatial analysis approach.American journal of community psychology · 2025Article
- Adverse Childhood Experiences in the First 1000 Days of Life and Dental Caries Experience From Age 31 to 61 Months.Journal of public health dentistry · 2025Article
- Adverse childhood experiences, basic psychological needs, and adolescent affective distress: Revisiting the buffering role of resilience factors.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025Article
- Patterns of stress-related change in salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol among young children: Associations with maternal psychosocial risk factors.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Stress Coping Strategies in Parents of Newborns and Infants with Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease with Regard to Stress Levels and Negative Emotions.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Cortisol's diurnal rhythm indexes the neurobiological impact of child adversity in adolescence.Biological psychology · 2024Article
- HPA-SAM co-activation among racially diverse, economically disadvantaged early adolescents: Secondary analysis with a preliminary test of a multisystem, person-centered approach.Biological psychology · 2023Article
- Prenatal substance exposure, early-life adversity, and parenting: Associations with adolescent stress response.Developmental psychobiology · 2023Article
- Increases in Circulating Cortisol during the COVID-19 Pandemic are Associated with Changes in Perceived Positive and Negative Affect among Adolescents.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2022Article
- Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Multiple Sclerosis in Icelandic Women-A Population-Based Cohort Study.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Investigating the role of climate-related disasters in the relationship between food insecurity and mental health for youth aged 15-24 in 142 countries.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Developmental trauma: Conceptual framework, associated risks and comorbidities, and evaluation and treatment.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
- Patterns of poverty across adolescence predict salivary cortisol stress responses in Mexican-origin youths.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2021Article
- Evidence of Gender Violence Negative Impact on Health as a Lever to Change Adolescents' Attitudes and Preferences towards Dominant Traditional Masculinities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Migration-related trauma and mental health among migrant children emigrating from Mexico and Central America to the United States: Effects on developmental neurobiology and implications for policy.Developmental psychobiology · 2021Review
- The impact of child abuse on the neurobiology of self-processing in depressed adolescents.Neurobiology of stress · 2021Article
- Mental health and psychosocial support in conflict: children's protection concerns and intervention outcomes in Syria.Conflict and health · 2021Article
- The Counterintuitive Relationship between Telomerase Activity and Childhood Emotional Abuse: Culture and Complexity.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The toxic stress model posits that extended activation of stress response systems in the absence of a supportive relationship with an adult may over time lead to physiological alterations to these same systems, and ultimately to poorer physical and mental health outcomes. However, empirical tests of model hypotheses in adolescence, a critical period of development, are lacking. This study expands the toxic stress model to include more developmentally-appropriate risk and protective factors for adolescents experiencing overwhelming and uncontrollable stressors. Data were collected for a study of early adolescents from urban low-income households (N = 101; 10-12 years old; 59% female). Participants and a caregiver completed questionnaires; youths completed the modified Trier Social Stress Task alone and provided six saliva samples. Using latent profile analysis, three profiles of cortisol reactivity were identified in early adolescents exposed to chronic environmental stress: Elevated and Reactive (11%), Moderate and Non-Reactive (26%), and Blunted and Non-Reactive (63%). In accordance with the toxic stress model, exposure to more community violence and less family support were associated with blunted cortisol reactivity, and Reactive profile membership was associated with fewer trauma symptoms. Overall, the findings provide empirical support for the extension of the toxic stress model in early adolescence through the application of developmentally-sensitive measures and provide implications for future interventions.
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