ArticleBMJ open2019
Decomposing inequality in catastrophic health expenditure for self-reported hypertension household in Urban Shaanxi, China from 2008 to 2013: two waves' cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding variation in catastrophic health expenditure from socio-ecological aspect: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- A study on the impact of catastrophic health expenditure on social stability.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Assessing the determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditures among Cambodian households in informal employment using survey data.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Activities of Daily Living Disability Transition Patterns in Older Adults with Chronic Diseases: A Four-Year Cohort Study in China.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Decomposing the inequalities in the catastrophic health expenditures on the hospitalization in India: empirical evidence from national sample survey data.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Toward Universal Health Coverage: Regional Inequalities and Potential Solutions for Alleviating Catastrophic Health Expenditure in the Post-poverty Elimination Era of China.International journal of health policy and management · 2023Article
- Catastrophic health expenditure and its determinants in households with lung cancer patients in China: a retrospective cohort study.BMC cancer · 2021Article
- Financial protection effects of private health insurance: experimental evidence from Chinese households with resident basic medical insurance.International journal for equity in health · 2021Article
- Urban-rural differences in catastrophic health expenditure among households with chronic non-communicable disease patients: evidence from China family panel studies.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Catastrophic Health Expenditure Associated With Frailty in Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Decomposing Inequality in Long-Term Care Need Among Older Adults with Chronic Diseases in China: A Life Course Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Can the reform of integrating health insurance reduce inequity in catastrophic health expenditure? Evidence from China.International journal for equity in health · 2020Article
- Catastrophic health expenditure: A comparative analysis of smoking and non-smoking households in China.PloS one · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveDespite the latest wave of China's healthcare reform initiated in 2009 has achieved unprecedented progress in rural areas, little is known for specific vulnerable groups' catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in urban China. This study aims to estimate the trend of incidence, intensity and inequality of CHE in hypertension households (households with one or more than one hypertension patient) in urban Shaanxi, China from 2008 to 2013.
methodsBased on the fourth and the fifth National Health Service Surveys of Shaanxi, we identified 460 and 1289 households with hypertension in 2008 and 2013, respectively for our analysis. We classified hypertension households into two groups: simplex households (with hypertension only) and mixed households (with hypertension plus other non-communicable diseases). CHE would be identified if out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure was equal to or higher than 40% of a household's capacity to pay. Concentration index and its decomposition based on Probit regressions were employed to measure the income-related inequality of CHE.
resultsWe find that CHE occurred in 11.2% of the simplex households and 22.1% of the mixed households in 2008, and the 21.5% of the simplex households and the 46.9% of mixed households incurred CHE in 2013. Furthermore, there were strong pro-poor inequalities in CHE in the simplex households (-0.279 and -0.283) and mixed households (-0.362 and -0.262) both in 2008 and 2013. The majority of observed inequalities in CHE could be associated with household economic status, household head's health status and having elderly members.
conclusionWe find a sharp increase of CHE occurrence and the sustained strong pro-poor inequalities for simplex and mixed households in urban Shaanxi Province of China from 2008 to 2013. Our study suggests that more concerns are needed for the vulnerable groups such as hypertension households in urban areas of China.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.