SynthesisClinical cardiology2019
The non-genetic paternal factors for congenital heart defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Clinical cardiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of evidence on reported non-genetic risk factors of congenital heart defects: the updated umbrella review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Pooled it
- Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors of Congenital Anomalies: an Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Journal of Korean medical science · 2021Pooled it
- Environmental Risk Factors and Congenital Heart Disease: An Umbrella Review of 165 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses With More Than 120 Million Participants.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of paternal age on offspring birth defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Aging · 2020Pooled it
- The non-genetic paternal factors for congenital heart defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical cardiology · 2019Pooled it
- Risk of minor congenital heart defect in infants conceived via assisted reproductive technology: cohort study from the Copenhagen Baby Heart Study.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2026Article
- Parental Characteristics Associated With Children Born With Neural Tube Defects in Puebla, Mexico.Cureus · 2025Article
- The Role of miRNA Expression in Congenital Heart Disease: Insights into the Mechanisms and Biomarker Potential.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Relationship between paternal smoking behaviour and birth outcomes based on a comic booklet intervention for preventing second-hand smoke exposure to non-smoking pregnant women in Indonesia: a follow-up randomised controlled trial.Tropical medicine and health · 2025Article
- Paternal peri-conceptional physical activity and the risk of congenital heart disease in offspring: A case-control study.Andrology · 2025Observational
- Paternal metformin use and risk of congenital malformations in offspring in Norway and Taiwan: population based, cross national cohort study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2024Article
- Article
- Interaction between ozone and paternal smoking on fetal congenital heart defects among pregnant women at high risk: a multicenter maternal-fetal medicine study.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2024Article
- Understanding the Genetic and Non-genetic Interconnections in the Aetiology of Isolated Congenital Heart Disease: An Updated Review: Part 1.Current cardiology reports · 2024Review
- Functions of cilia in cardiac development and disease.Annals of human genetics · 2024Review
- Paternal occupational exposures and infant congenital heart defects in the Japan Environment and Children's Study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Developmental toxicant exposures and sex-specific effects on epigenetic programming and cardiovascular health across generations.Environmental epigenetics · 2022Review
- SOX7 loss-of-function variation as a cause of familial congenital heart disease.American journal of translational research · 2022Article
- The role of NKX2-5 gene polymorphisms in congenital heart disease (CHD): a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology · 2021Article
- Parental occupational exposure and congenital heart diseases in a Hungarian case-control study.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAdvances have been made in identifying genetic etiologies and maternal risk factors of congenital heart defects (CHDs), while few literatures are available regarding paternal risk factors for CHDs. Thus, we aim to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review about the non-genetic paternal risk factors for CHDs.
methodsWe searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library online databases and identified 31 studies published between 1990 and 2018 according to the inclusion criteria. Paternal risk factors were divided into subgroups, and summarized odd ratios (OR) were calculated.
resultsPaternal age between 24 and 29 years decreased the risk of CHDs in the offspring (OR = 0.90 [0.82, 0.98]), while paternal age ≥ 35 years old increased the risk of CHDs (35-39 years old: OR = 1.14 [1.09, 1.19], and ≥ 40 years: OR = 1.27 [1.14, 1.42]). Paternal cigarette smoking increased the risk of CHDs in a dose-dependent way. Paternal wine drinking (OR = 1.47 [1.05, 2.07]) and exposure to chemical agents or drugs (OR = 2.15 [1.53, 3.02]) also increased the risk of CHDs. Some specific paternal occupations were also associated with increased risk for CHDs or CHD subtypes including factory workers, janitors, painters, and plywood mill workers.
conclusionsThis meta-analysis and systematic review suggested that advanced paternal age, cigarette smoking, wine drinking, exposure to chemical agents or drugs and some specific occupations were associated with an increased risk of CHDs. More measures should be taken to reduce occupational and environment exposures. At the same time, fertility at certain age and establishment of healthy life habits are strongly recommended.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.