ReviewJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2019
Compliant lower limb exoskeletons: a comprehensive review on mechanical design principles.
Review in Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Assessing Transparency of Robots, Exoskeletons, and Assistive Devices: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Global research trends and hotspots of artificial intelligence research in spinal cord neural injury and restoration-a bibliometrics and visualization analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Control strategies used in lower limb exoskeletons for gait rehabilitation after brain injury: a systematic review and analysis of clinical effectiveness.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2023Pooled it
- Human Factor Engineering Research for Rehabilitation Robots: A Systematic Review.Computational intelligence and neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of control strategies on gait in robot-assisted post-stroke lower limb rehabilitation: a systematic review.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic review on wearable lower-limb exoskeletons for gait training in neuromuscular impairments.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2021Pooled it
- Long-term availability of powered exoskeleton for ambulation in domestic context: A cross-sectional study to assess safety, usage pattern, and satisfaction after long-term use.Spinal cord series and cases · 2026Article
- Research on Control Strategy of Lower Limb Exoskeleton Robots: A Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Biomechanical Effects of a Passive Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Designed for Half-Sitting Work Support on Walking.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Bionic Knee Exoskeleton Design with Variable Stiffness via Rope-Based Artificial Muscle Actuation.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Human-Interface Dynamics of Knee Exoskeletons with Lateral and Anteroposterior Attachment.IEEE ... International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics : [proceedings] · 2025Article
- PEDOT/Polypyrrole Core-Sheath Fibers for Use as Conducting Polymer Artificial Muscles.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025Article
- A compliant metastructure design with reconfigurability up to six degrees of freedom.Nature communications · 2025Article
- OpenSEA: a 3D printed planetary gear series elastic actuator for a compliant elbow joint exoskeleton.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2025Article
- Article
- Understanding the perspectives of older adults and physiotherapists on home-based lower-limb exoskeletons.Wearable technologies · 2025Article
- Exploring the feasibility of combining transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation and overground robotic exoskeleton for gait rehabilitation in patients with spinal cord injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Passive and Active Exoskeleton Solutions: Sensors, Actuators, Applications, and Recent Trends.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Assistance force-line of exosuit affects ankle multidimensional motion: a theoretical and experimental study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exoskeleton technology has made significant advances during the last decade, resulting in a considerable variety of solutions for gait assistance and rehabilitation. The mechanical design of these devices is a crucial aspect that affects the efficiency and effectiveness of their interaction with the user. Recent developments have pointed towards compliant mechanisms and structures, due to their promising potential in terms of adaptability, safety, efficiency, and comfort. However, there still remain challenges to be solved before compliant lower limb exoskeletons can be deployed in real scenarios. In this review, we analysed 52 lower limb wearable exoskeletons, focusing on three main aspects of compliance: actuation, structure, and interface attachment components. We highlighted the drawbacks and advantages of the different solutions, and suggested a number of promising research lines. We also created and made available a set of data sheets that contain the technical characteristics of the reviewed devices, with the aim of providing researchers and end-users with an updated overview on the existing solutions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.