Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2019
Investigating the effect of sex and ketosis on weight-loss-induced changes in appetite.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01834859 (How to Optimize Weight Loss Maintenance After a Very-low Calorie Diet?), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
How to Optimize Weight Loss Maintenance After a Very-low Calorie Diet?
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fasting appetite-related gut hormone responses after weight loss induced by calorie restriction, exercise, or both in people with overweight or obesity: a meta-analysis.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Pooled it
- Adaptive thermogenesis, at the level of resting energy expenditure, after diet alone or diet plus bariatric surgery.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2024Trial
- Relationship between Ketones, Ghrelin, and, Appetite on Isocaloric Diets with Varying Carbohydrate Quality and Amount: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial in People with Obesity (CARBFUNC).The Journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Does a Higher Protein Diet Promote Satiety and Weight Loss Independent of Carbohydrate Content? An 8-Week Low-Energy Diet (LED) Intervention.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Sex-specific systemic and brain metabolic responses to a standardized ketogenic diet in mice.Lab animal · 2026Article
- Link between emotional and external eating behaviors, peripheral neuropeptide Y, and β-hydroxybutyrate in participants with obesity on 12-week ketogenic diet.Nutrition and health · 2026Article
- Ketone ester supplementation protects from experimental colitis via improved goblet cell differentiation and function.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Eating a high fat/high carbohydrate diet enhances morphine tolerance, while eating a ketogenic diet mitigates morphine withdrawal in male rats.European journal of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Hedonic hunger and eating behavior after low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets in females with lipedema and obesity.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- The role of β-hydroxybutyrate testing in ketogenic metabolic therapies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Satiety Hormone LEAP2 After Low-Calorie Diet With/Without Endobarrier Insertion in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Article
- Effects of Early and Late Time-Restricted Feeding on Parameters of Metabolic Health: An Explorative Literature Assessment.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Colonic ketogenesis, a microbiota-regulated process, contributes to blood ketones and protects against colitis in mice.The Biochemical journal · 2024Article
- Ketogenic diet for mood disorders from animal models to clinical application.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Review
- Postprandial Increases in Liver-Gut Hormone LEAP2 Correlate with Attenuated Eating Behavior in Adults Without Obesity.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2023Article
- Circadian secretion rhythm of GLP-1 and its influencing factors.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- A ketogenic diet differentially affects neuron and astrocyte transcription.Journal of neurochemistry · 2021Article
- Keto microbiota: A powerful contributor to host disease recovery.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDiet-induced weight loss (WL) is usually accompanied by increased appetite, a response that seems to be absent when ketogenic diets are used. It remains unknown if sex modulates the appetite suppressant effect of ketosis.
objectiveThe aim of this study was to examine if sex modulates the impact of WL-induced changes in appetite and if ketosis alters these responses.
methodsNinety-five individuals (55 females) with obesity (BMI [kg/m 2]: 37 ± 4) underwent 8 wk of a very-low-energy diet, followed by 4 wk of refeeding and weight stabilization. Body composition, plasma concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) and appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1], total peptide YY [PYY], cholecystokinin and insulin), and subjective feelings of appetite were measured at baseline, week 9 in ketosis, and week 13 out of ketosis.
resultsThe mean WL at week 9 was 17% for males and 15% for females, which was maintained at week 13. Weight, fat, and fat-free mass loss were greater in males (P < 0.001 for all) and the increase in β-HB at week 9 higher in females (1.174 ± 0.096 compared with 0.783 ± 0.112 mmol/L, P = 0.029). Basal and postprandial GLP-1 and postprandial PYY (all P < 0.05) were significantly different for males and females. There were no significant sex × time interactions for any other appetite-related hormones or subjective feelings of appetite. At week 9, basal GLP-1 was decreased only in males (P < 0.001), whereas postprandial GLP-1 was increased only in females (P < 0.001). No significant changes in postprandial PYY were observed over time for either sex.
conclusionsKetosis appears to have a greater beneficial impact on GLP-1 in females. However, sex does not seem to modulate the changes in the secretion of other appetite-related hormones, or subjective feelings of appetite, seen with WL, regardless of the ketotic state. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01834859.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.