ReviewNew directions for child and adolescent development2019
Understanding Comorbidity Between Specific Learning Disabilities.
Review in New directions for child and adolescent development, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Early childhood exposure to general anesthesia and subsequent risk of learning disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Pooled it
- Supporting parents of children with learning disorders: a systematic review of intervention strategies.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- CATSLife: A Study of Lifespan Behavioral Development and Cognitive Functioning.Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies · 2019Trial
- Reading Disabilities With and Without Co-Occurring ADHD: No Evidence for Additive Impact on Reading Skills.Scientific studies of reading : the official journal of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading · 2026Article
- The negative impact of neurodevelopmental disorders and multiple co-occurring conditions on academic performance of school-age children and adolescents.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comment on 'Family support for children with learning disabilities to attain good academic performance: A qualitative study'.Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia · 2026Article
- Crossroads in the Learning Brain: The Neural Overlap Between Arithmetic and Phonological Processing.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of a remedial educational program on enhancing spelling skills in primary school students with learning disabilities.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Timed and untimed writing and math: shared and differential cognitive predictors in primary school.Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2025Article
- Impaired instance acquisition as a cause of the comorbidity of learning disorders in young adults.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Neurocognitive mechanisms of co-occurring math difficulties in dyslexia: Differences in executive function and visuospatial processing.Developmental science · 2024Article
- Comorbidity between reading disability and ADHD in a community sample: Implications for academic, social, and neuropsychological functioning.Mind, brain and education : the official journal of the International Mind, Brain, and Education Society · 2023Article
- Processing Speed is Related to the General Psychopathology Factor in Youth.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2023Article
- Left-dominance for resting-state temporal low-gamma power in children with impaired word-decoding and without comorbid ADHD.PloS one · 2023Article
- Association between motor and math skills in preschool children with typical development: Systematic review.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
- A-B-3-Associations and dissociations of reading and arithmetic: Is domain-specific prediction outdated?PloS one · 2023Article
- Heritability and Clinical Characteristics of Neuropsychological Profiles in Youth With and Without Elevated ADHD Symptoms.Journal of attention disorders · 2022Article
- Supporting students with sex chromosome aneuploidies in educational settings: Results of a nationwide survey.Journal of school psychology · 2022Article
- Predicting Risk for Comorbid Reading and Mathematics Disability Using Fluency-Based Screening Assessments.Learning disabilities research & practice : a publication of the Division for Learning Disabilities, Council for Exceptional Children · 2022Article
- Rhythm and timing as vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Current definitions of specific learning disability (SLD) identify a heterogeneous population that includes individuals with weaknesses in reading, math, or writing, and these academic difficulties often co-occur in many of the same individuals. The Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center (CLDRC) is an interdisciplinary, multisite research program that uses converging levels of analysis to understand the genetic and environmental etiology, neuropsychology, and developmental outcomes of SLDs in reading (RD), math (MD), and writing (WD), along with the comorbidity between these SLDs and other developmental disorders. The latest results from the CLDRC twin study suggest that shared genetic influences contribute to the significant covariance between all aspects of reading (word reading, reading fluency, and reading comprehension) and math (calculations, math fluency, and word problems), and distinct genetic or environmental influences also contribute to weaknesses in each specific academic domain. RD and MD are associated with a range of negative outcomes on both concurrent measures and measures of functional outcomes completed 5 years after the twins were first assessed. Over the next several years the CLDRC will continue to expand on this work by administering a comprehensive test battery that includes measures of all dimensions of academic achievement that are described in current definitions of SLD and incorporating these measures in new neuroimaging and molecular genetic studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.