ArticleOncoimmunology
Triple combination immunotherapy with GVAX, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, and agonist anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody is highly effective against murine intracranial glioma.
Article in Oncoimmunology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative efficacy of glioma treatment strategies: an umbrella review of meta-analyses.Annals of medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Review
- Cancer vaccine trial evaluations: immunobridging and potential immunological endpoints.Immunotherapy advances · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy against glioblastoma using backpack-activated neutrophils.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2025Article
- In vivo mouse models for adult brain tumors: Exploring tumorigenesis and advancing immunotherapy development.Neuro-oncology · 2024Review
- Oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing IL-2 controls glioblastoma growth and improves survival.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- From glioma gloom to immune bloom: unveiling novel immunotherapeutic paradigms-a review.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2024Review
- Bidirectional crosstalk between therapeutic cancer vaccines and the tumor microenvironment: Beyond tumor antigens.Fundamental research · 2023Review
- A biologic-device combination product delivering tumor-derived antigens elicits immunogenic cell death-associated immune responses against glioblastoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- Checkpoint: Inspecting the barriers in glioblastoma immunotherapies.Seminars in cancer biology · 2022Review
- Review
- Article
- Combination of DNA Vaccine and Immune Checkpoint Blockades Improves the Immune Response in an Orthotopic Unresectable Glioblastoma Model.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the promise of combination strategies.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2022Review
- When Onco-Immunotherapy Meets Cold Atmospheric Plasma: Implications on CAR-T Therapies.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- FcγR engagement reprograms neutrophils into antigen cross-presenting cells that elicit acquired anti-tumor immunity.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Review
- OX40 agonist combined with irreversible electroporation synergistically eradicates established tumors and drives systemic antitumor immune response in a syngeneic pancreatic cancer model.American journal of cancer research · 2021Article
- Co-stimulatory agonists: An insight into the immunotherapy of cancer.EXCLI journal · 2021Review
- Immunocompetent Mouse Models in the Search for Effective Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma.Cancers · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Single-agent immunotherapy, including with immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-PD-1 antibody, has not extended survival in patients with malignant glioma. However, PD-1 inhibition may still play a role in combination immunotherapy with multiple agents. In this study, we evaluated anti-PD-1 antibody treatment in combination with multiple approaches, including vaccination and agonist anti-OX40 immunotherapy, as well as triple combination immunotherapy with each of the above agents in a murine glioma model. Treatments were delivered on days 3,6, and 9 after intracranial implantation of glioma cells in the right frontal lobes of the mice. Vaccination consisted of subcutaneous implantation of irradiated GL261 cells engineered to express GM-CSF. We harvested splenocytes and brain tissue 18 days after glioma implantation and analyzed them by ELISPOT and flow cytometry, respectively. Treated mice surviving for 120 days were challenged with implantation of large numbers of GL261 cells and either followed for survival or sacrificed for study of the memory response. Survival was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Means were compared by the 2-tailed student's t-test. We report that combining anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with either vaccination or agonist anti-OX40 immunotherapy improves survival in GL261-bearing mice compared with any of the above as monotherapy. Triple combination immunotherapy with vaccination, anti-PD-1 antibody, and agonist anti-OX40 antibody results in long-term survival in all mice. Triple combination immunotherapy resulted in an elevated CD4+/CD8 + T lymphocyte ratio amongst tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as well as a diminished fraction of regulatory T lymphocytes, likely reflective of a more vigorous Th1 antitumor response.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.