ReviewFrontiers in immunology2019
Nephritic Factors: An Overview of Classification, Diagnostic Tools and Clinical Associations.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- IPNA clinical practice recommendations for the management of aHUS and secondary TMA in children.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Distributed clonal deletion prevents autoimmune disease progression.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Biomarkers in the Management of Complement-Mediated Kidney Diseases in the Era of Complement Therapeutics.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Review
- Distributed Clonal Deletion Prevents Autoimmune Disease Progression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Delayed Therapeutic Response to Oral Corticosteroids and Rituximab Leading to Dialysis Independence in a Patient with Treatment-resistant C3 Glomerulonephritis.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- Current and Emerging Therapies for C3 Glomerulopathy and Primary (Idiopathic) Immune Complex Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis.Kidney international reports · 2026Review
- Primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: natural history, pathogenesis, and treatment.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Review
- Clinical Features, Metabolic and Autoimmune Derangements in Acquired Partial Lipodystrophy (Barraquer-Simons Syndrome).The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Observational
- Clinical and Histologic Predictors of Kidney Outcomes in C3 Glomerulopathy and Idiopathic Membranoproliferative GN.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2025Article
- Acquired drivers of C3 glomerulopathy.Clinical kidney journal · 2025Review
- Functional Characterization of Anti-C3bBb Autoantibodies and C3 Glomerulopathy Phenotype.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2025Article
- When a NeF Is Not Enough: Improving Assays in C3 Glomerulopathy.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2025Article
- Case Report: Possible C3 nephritic factor-driven complement-mediated severe hemolytic anemia and acute kidney injury in a child withFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Immune Complex-Mediated Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and Complement 3 Glomerulopathy.Kidney international reports · 2025Review
- Clinical Relevance of Anti-C3 and Anti-C4 Autoantibodies in Lupus Nephritis.Kidney international reports · 2024Article
- C3 Glomerulopathy: Novel Treatment Paradigms.Kidney international reports · 2024Review
- Clinical Significance of Uncommon, Non-Clinical, and Novel Autoantibodies.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2024Review
- Association of urine autoantibodies with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- The role of complement in kidney disease.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2023Review
- Autoantibodies against complement factor B in rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nephritic factors comprise a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies against neoepitopes generated in the C3 and C5 convertases of the complement system, causing its dysregulation. Classification of these autoantibodies can be clustered according to their stabilization of different convertases either from the classical or alternative pathway. The first nephritic factor described with the capacity to stabilize C3 convertase of the alternative pathway was C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF). Another nephritic factor has been characterized by the ability to stabilize C5 convertase of the alternative pathway (C5NeF). In addition, there are autoantibodies against assembled C3/C5 convertase of the classical and lectin pathways (C4NeF). These autoantibodies have been mainly associated with kidney diseases, like C3 glomerulopathy and immune complex-associated-membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Other clinical situations where these autoantibodies have been observed include infections and autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus and acquired partial lipodystrophy. C3 hypocomplementemia is a common finding in all patients with nephritic factors. The methods to measure nephritic factors are not standardized, technically complex, and lack of an appropriate quality control. This review will be focused in the description of the mechanism of action of the three known nephritic factors (C3NeF, C4NeF, and C5NeF), and their association with human diseases. Moreover, we present an overview regarding the diagnostic tools for its detection, and the main therapeutic approach for the patients with nephritic factors.
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