ArticleEthnicity & health2021
Developmental timing of initial racial discrimination exposure is associated with cardiovascular health conditions in adulthood.
Article in Ethnicity & health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Pooled it
- Positive youth development and mental health in Latine adolescents experiencing discrimination: A mixed-methods study.Journal of affective disorders reports · 2026Article
- The Burden of Witnessing: The Impact of Vicarious Experiences of Racism & Anti-Immigrant Discrimination on Healthcare Utilization.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Association Between Discrimination in Health Care and ASCVD Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States.Circulation. Population health and outcomes · 2026Article
- Associations between amygdala connectivity and experienced discrimination in children.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Multilevel Racism and Discrimination and Cardiovascular Disease and Related Biopsychosocial Mechanisms: An Integrated Scoping and Literature Review and Future Research Agenda.Current cardiology reports · 2025Article
- Major experiences of perceived discrimination across life and biological aging.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Parental support in adolescence: A potential moderator of the relationship between racial discrimination and adult suicidality.Public health · 2024Article
- Racial Discrimination and Metabolic Syndrome in Young Black Adults.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- The Association between Racial Discrimination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Cardiovascular-Related Conditions Among Non-Hispanic Blacks: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III).Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Article
- Racial Discrimination and Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Salience Network Nodes in Trauma-Exposed Black Adults in the United States.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Physical and Mental Health Conditions in Childhood, and the Relative Role of Other Adverse Experiences.Adversity and resilience science · 2022Article
- Integrating time into stigma and health research.Nature reviews psychology · 2022Review
- A cross-sectional analysis of racial differences in accelerated aging and cognitive function among patients with atrial fibrillation: The SAGE-AF study: Forrester, Accelerated aging and cognitive function.EClinicalMedicine · 2021Article
- Making the "C-ACE" for a Culturally-Informed Adverse Childhood Experiences Framework to Understand the Pervasive Mental Health Impact of Racism on Black Youth.Journal of child & adolescent trauma · 2021Article
- Health Risks and Chronic Health Conditions among Arab American and White Adults in Northern California.Ethnicity & disease · 2021Article
- Discrimination and systemic inflammation: A critical review and synthesis.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2020Review
- Social Determinants of Placental Health and Future Disease Risks for Babies.Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America · 2020Review
- Racial discrimination and the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children: Does the timing of first exposure matter?SSM - population health · 2019Article
- Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Suicidal Ideation in Emerging Adults: The Role of Traumatic Stress and Depressive Symptoms Varies by Gender not Race/Ethnicity.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the association between developmental timing of initial exposure to racial discrimination and cardiovascular health conditions.
designUsing data from the 1995 Detroit Area Study, logistic and negative binomial regression models were used to assess the association between timing of initial exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination, classified as early childhood (0-7), childhood (8-12), adolescence (13-19), and adulthood (>19), on physician-diagnosed cardiovascular health conditions during adulthood. Each analysis adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, education, marital status, health-related behaviors, and pre-existing health conditions.
resultsOf the 1,106 participants in the final sample, 520 identified as White and 586 identified as Black. Over half (64%) of the sample experienced at least one major cardiovascular health event at the time of the study, with 39% reporting two or more events. Results from logistic regression models showed that initial exposure to racial discrimination during early childhood was associated with a 2.96 (95%CI:1.15, 7.83) times greater odds of having any cardiovascular-related health condition later in life compared to individuals who reported no discrimination. Results from negative binomial regression models demonstrated that individuals who reported initial exposure to racial discrimination during early childhood and adolescence had a CVD incidence rate that was 1.63 (95%CI:1.11, 2.38) and 1.37 (95%CI:1.10, 1.69) times higher than individuals who reported no discrimination.
conclusionInitial exposure to racial discrimination in early childhood and adolescence may increase the risk of cardiovascular conditions later in life. Clinicians and researchers should consider racial discrimination during childhood as a possible risk factor for illness and disease.
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