ArticlePediatrics2019
School Restroom and Locker Room Restrictions and Sexual Assault Risk Among Transgender Youth.
Article in Pediatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors affecting the risk of gender-based violence among 2SLGBTQIA+ adolescents and youth: a scoping review of climate change-related vulnerabilities.Frontiers in sociology · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of a Brief Social Contact Video on Transphobia and Depression-Related Stigma Among Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Understanding Multi-Victimization: Identifying Socioecological Supports Among Adolescents.The Journal of school health · 2026Article
- Mental and Behavioral Health Services Provided by Schools in the United States: A National Survey of School Nurses.The Journal of school health · 2025Observational
- 'I've grown fearful of any rustle behind me': defining anticipating discriminatory violenceFeminist theory · 2025Article
- Being trans in Korea: key milestones and stigmatization across life stages in a nationwide survey of 585 transgender and non-binary young adults.Epidemiology and health · 2025Article
- Participation, barriers, facilitators and bullying experiences of trans people in sport and fitness: findings from a national community survey of trans people in Australia.British journal of sports medicine · 2024Article
- Differences in cardiorespiratory fitness by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment before and after testosterone in transgender adolescents.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Observational
- Improving School Environments for Preventing Sexual Violence Among LGBTQ+ Youth.The Journal of school health · 2024Article
- When safety for you means danger for me: the racial politics of carceral public safety discourse.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Review
- Structural Needs, Substance Use, and Mental Health Among Transgender and Nonbinary Young Adults in the San Francisco Bay Area: Findings from the Phoenix Study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2023Article
- Assessment of Quality of Life of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children and Adolescents in Melbourne, Australia, 2017-2020.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Binary-trans, non-binary and gender-questioning adolescents' experiences in UK schools.Journal of LGBT youth · 2023Article
- Preventing sexual violence in sexual orientation and gender diverse communities: A call to action.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2023Review
- Interpersonal Victimization, Substance Use, and Mental Health Among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth: The Role of Self-concept Factors.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2022Article
- Women's Knowledge of Bladder Health: What We Have Learned in the Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium.Current bladder dysfunction reports · 2022Article
- Gender-Neutral Toilets: A Qualitative Exploration of Inclusive School Environments for Sexuality and Gender Diverse Youth in Western Australia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Pediatric sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in the electronic health record.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2022Article
- Youth Characteristics Associated With Sexual Violence Perpetration Among Transgender Boys and Girls, Cisgender Boys and Girls, and Nonbinary Youth.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Youth-specific sexual and gender minority state-level policies: Implications for pronoun, name, and bathroom/locker room use among gender minority youth.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTransgender and gender nonbinary adolescents experience high rates of peer victimization, but the prevalence of sexual assault in this population has not been established. Some schools restrict transgender and nonbinary students from using restrooms and locker rooms that match their gender identity, with unknown effects on sexual assault risk. We tested whether these restrictions were associated with the 12-month prevalence of sexual assault victimization.
methodsSurvey responses were analyzed from 3673 transgender and nonbinary US adolescents in grades 7 through 12 who participated in the cross-sectional 2017 LGBTQ Teen Study. We estimated the association between school restroom and locker room restrictions and sexual assault, adjusting for potential social and behavioral confounders, using logistic regression. We also tested potential mediators.
resultsThe 12-month prevalence of sexual assault was 26.5% among transgender boys, 27.0% among nonbinary youth assigned female at birth, 18.5% among transgender girls, and 17.6% among nonbinary youth assigned male at birth. Youth whose restroom and locker room use was restricted were more likely to experience sexual assault compared with those without restrictions, with risk ratios of 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.52) in transgender boys, 1.42 (95% CI: 1.10-1.78) in nonbinary youth assigned female at birth, and 2.49 (95% CI: 1.11-4.28) in transgender girls. Restrictions were not associated with sexual assault among nonbinary youth assigned male at birth.
conclusionsPediatricians should be aware that sexual assault is highly prevalent in transgender and nonbinary youth and that restrictive school restroom and locker room policies may be associated with risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.