ArticleParasites & vectors2019
The kinetics of cellular and humoral immune responses of common carp to presporogonic development of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smolstatin1, a unique cystatin-like stefin ofCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2026Article
- Evolutionary diversification and immunoprofiling of cathepsin L toolkit in common carp.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Characterization of B Cell Responses in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Affected by Red Mark Syndrome.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Comparative transcriptomics reveal stage-dependent parasitic adaptations in the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Cecropin anisaxin-2S hasFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Unraveling the mystery of a myxozoan parasite of the trout: redescription of Chloromyxum schurovi.Folia parasitologica · 2024Article
- The Tilapia Cyst Tissue Enclosing the ProliferatingInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Immunological memory in a teleost fish: common carp IgMFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Red blood cells in proliferative kidney disease-rainbow trout (Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The Acute Immune Responses of the Common CarpBiomolecules · 2022Article
- Article
- RNA-Seq of Single Fish Cells - Seeking Out the Leukocytes Mediating Immunity in Teleost Fishes.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- It's a hard knock life for some: Heterogeneity in infection life history of salmonids influences parasite disease outcomes.The Journal of animal ecology · 2021Article
- Intestinal Transcriptomic and Histologic Profiling Reveals Tissue Repair Mechanisms Underlying Resistance to the ParasitePathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Review
- Evolutionary Analysis of Cystatins of Early-Emerging Metazoans Reveals a Novel Subtype in Parasitic Cnidarians.Biology · 2021Article
- To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Natural Feed Additives Modulate Immunity and Mitigate Infection withPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Genetic Diversity of Serine Protease Inhibitors in Myxozoan (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) Fish Parasites.Microorganisms · 2020Article
- Blood feast: Exploring the erythrocyte-feeding behaviour of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari.Parasite immunology · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSphaerospora molnari is a myxozoan parasite causing skin and gill sphaerosporosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in central Europe. For most myxozoans, little is known about the early development and the expansion of the infection in the fish host, prior to spore formation. A major reason for this lack of information is the absence of laboratory model organisms, whose life-cycle stages are available throughout the year.
resultsWe have established a laboratory infection model for early proliferative stages of myxozoans, based on separation and intraperitoneal injection of motile and dividing S. molnari stages isolated from the blood of carp. In the present study we characterize the kinetics of the presporogonic development of S. molnari, while analyzing cellular host responses, cytokine and systemic immunoglobulin expression, over a 63-day period. Our study shows activation of innate immune responses followed by B cell-mediated immune responses. We observed rapid parasite efflux from the peritoneal cavity (< 40 hours), an initial covert infection period with a moderate proinflammatory response for about 1-2 weeks, followed by a period of parasite multiplication in the blood which peaked at 28 days post-infection (dpi) and was associated with a massive lymphocyte response. Our data further revealed a switch to a massive anti-inflammatory response (up to 1456-fold expression of il-10), a strong increase in the expression of IgM transcripts and increased number of IgM
conclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first time myxozoan early development and immune modulation mechanisms have been analyzed along with innate and adaptive immune responses of its fish host, in a controlled laboratory system. Our study adds important information on host-parasite interaction and co-evolutionary adaptation of early metazoans (Cnidaria) with basic vertebrate (fish) immune systems and the evolution of host adaptation and parasite immune evasion strategies.
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