ReviewFrontiers in endocrinology2019
The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders; A Focus on Amino Acids.
Review in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Potential of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Research: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Psychobiotic Effects of Postbiotics in Depression, Psychosis and Mania.Health promotion perspectives · 2026Review
- Camel Milk as a Functional Food: Nutritional Composition, Health-Promoting Benefits, and Safety Considerations.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- Association and predictive value of blood branched-chain and excitatory amino acids with autism spectrum disorder severity.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Integrative multi-omics analysis of autism spectrum disorder reveals unique microbial macromolecules interactions.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Genetic and Pathogenic Overlaps Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease: Evolutionary Features and Opportunities for Drug Repurposing.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Blood-based DNA methylation markers for autism spectrum disorder identification using machine learning.Epigenomics · 2025Article
- Mast cells proliferate in the peri-hippocampal space during early development and modulate local and peripheral immune cells.Developmental cell · 2025Article
- Integrated analysis of metabolome and microbiome in a mouse model of sodium valproate-induced autism.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Comprehensive analysis of gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in patients with autism spectrum disorder.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Acetate supplementation rescues social deficits and alters transcriptional regulation in prefrontal cortex of Shank3 deficient mice.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- Developmental vitamin D-deficiency produces autism-relevant behaviours and gut-health associated alterations in a rat model.Translational psychiatry · 2023Article
- Role of lysosome in healing neurological disorders by nano-bioengineering.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Article
- Recent Developments in Autism Genetic Research: A Scientometric Review from 2018 to 2022.Genes · 2022Review
- Shedding light on biological sex differences and microbiota-gut-brain axis: a comprehensive review of its roles in neuropsychiatric disorders.Biology of sex differences · 2022Review
- Comparative Study on the Exacerbating Effects of Casein-Rich vs. Gluten-Rich Diets on Biochemical-Induced Features in Rodent Model of Autism.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2022Article
- Different Alterations in Gut Microbiota betweenNutrients · 2022Article
- Recent advances in biofabricated gut models to understand the gut-brain axis in neurological diseases.Frontiers in medical technology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental conditions that affect communication and social behavior. Besides social deficits, systemic inflammation, gastrointestinal immune-related problems, and changes in the gut microbiota composition are characteristic for people with ASD. Animal models showed that these characteristics can induce ASD-associated behavior, suggesting an intimate relationship between the microbiota, gut, immune system and the brain in ASD. Multiple factors can contribute to the development of ASD, but mutations leading to enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are reported frequently. Hyperactivation of mTOR leads to deficits in the communication between neurons in the brain and to immune impairments. Hence, mTOR might be a critical factor linking the gut-brain-immune axis in ASD. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR is shown to improve ASD-associated behavior and immune functions, however, the clinical use is limited due to severe side reactions. Interestingly, studies have shown that mTOR activation can also be modified by nutritional stimuli, in particular by amino acids. Moreover, specific amino acids are demonstrated to inhibit inflammation, improve gut barrier function and to modify the microbiota composition. In this review we will discuss the gut-brain-immune axis in ASD and explore the potential of amino acids as a treatment option for ASD, either via modification of mTOR activity, the immune system or the gut microbiota composition.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.