ArticleJournal of development economics2019
Scaling up sanitation: Evidence from an RCT in Indonesia.
Article in Journal of development economics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effect of Sanitation Interventions on Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trials in Rural Communities of Low- and Middle-Income Countries.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Behavioral Adaptation to Improved Environmental Quality: Evidence From a Sanitation Intervention.Health economics · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Achieving equitable uptake of handwashing and sanitation by addressing both supply and demand-based constraints: findings from a randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh.International journal for equity in health · 2021Trial
- Long-term usage, condition, and cultural acceptability of the BALatrine project: findings from a subsidised sanitation improvement intervention in rural Central Java, Indonesia.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- Implementation and adaptation of WASH FIT in healthcare facilities: A systematic scoping review.World development sustainability · 2026Article
- Tracing Prescribed Knowledge Flows in Wastewater Management Policies: An AI-Assisted, Governmentality-Informed Framework with Insights from Indonesia.Environmental management · 2025Article
- Water Matters More: Unequal Effects of Water and Sanitation on Child Growth in Mozambique.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- To use financial incentives or not? Insights from experiments in encouraging sanitation investments in four countries.World development · 2025Article
- Improving the health of the rural population in India through bundling WASH practices.Frontiers in health services · 2025Article
- Community-led strategies for communicable disease prevention and management in low- and middle- income countries: A mixed-methods systematic review of health, social, and economic impact.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- "People are now working together for a common good": The effect on social capital of participatory design for community-level sanitation infrastructure in urban informal settlements.World development · 2024Article
- Lessons from a successful national sanitation programme: the case of Nyumba ni Choo in Tanzania.Health promotion international · 2023Article
- Community matters: Heterogeneous impacts of a sanitation intervention.World development · 2023Article
- Social and financial incentives for overcoming a collective action problem.Journal of development economics · 2023Article
- Assessing Sustainability Factors for Rural Household Sanitation Coverage in Bhutan, Kenya, Nepal, and Zambia: A Qualitative Analysis.Global health, science and practice · 2022Article
- The dirty business of eliminating open defecation: The effect of village sanitation on child height from field experiments in four countries.Journal of development economics · 2022Article
- Risk factors for early childhood growth faltering in rural Cambodia: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Adaptation in rural water, sanitation, and hygiene programs: A qualitative study in Nepal.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We investigate the impacts of a widely used sanitation intervention, Community-Led Total Sanitation, which was implemented at scale across rural areas of Indonesia with a randomized controlled trial to evaluate its effectiveness. The program resulted in modest increases in toilet construction, decreased community tolerance of open defecation and reduced roundworm infestations in children. However, there was no impact on anemia, height or weight. We find important heterogeneity along three dimensions: (1) poverty-poorer households are limited in their ability to improve sanitation; (2) implementer identity-scale up involves local governments taking over implementation from World Bank contractors yet no sanitation and health benefits accrue in villages with local government implementation; and (3) initial levels of social capital-villages with high initial social capital built toilets whereas the community-led approach was counterproductive in low social capital villages with fewer toilets being built.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.