ArticleCancers2019
Hypoxia Selectively Impairs CAR-T Cells In Vitro.
Article in Cancers, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and clinical efficacy of BCMA CAR-T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of a novel CD19, CD22 dual-targeted fully human loop bi-CAR-T for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Trial
- Engineering Organ-on-a-Chip Systems for Cancer Immunotherapy: Strategies and Assay Integration.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Are we there yet? The road to faster and more efficient CAR T cell manufacturing.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Review
- Targeting metabolic reprogramming to enhance adoptive immunotherapy: emerging mechanisms and translational perspectives.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Harnessing CAR-Extracellular Vesicles for Next-Generation Cancer Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Unaltered NKG2D-CAR T cell function under hypoxia in osteosarcoma in vitro.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Hypoxic tumor microenvironment and immune cell dynamics: From metabolic reprogramming to therapeutic innovation.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Review
- Metabolic reprogramming through PIM3 inhibition reverses hypoxia-induced CAR-T cell dysfunction in solid tumors.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Advancing CAR-based cell therapies for solid tumours: challenges, therapeutic strategies, and perspectives.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- The potential of chimeric antigen receptor -T cell therapy for endocrine cancer.World journal of surgical oncology · 2025Review
- CAR-T Cell Manufacturing for Hematological and Solid Tumors: From the Preclinical to Clinical Point of View.Cancer medicine · 2025Review
- Therapeutic advantage of combinatorial chimeric antigen receptor T cell and chemotherapies.Pharmacological reviews · 2025Review
- Production of functional CD19 CAR T cells under hypoxic manufacturing conditions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Review
- Prospects of Synergy: Local Interventions and CAR T Cell Therapy in Solid Tumors.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2024Review
- Aptamer-Based Nongenetic Reprogramming of CARs Enables Flexible Modulation of T Cell-Mediated Tumor Immunotherapy.ACS central science · 2024Article
- Review
- Nondestructive, longitudinal, 3D oxygen imaging of cells in a multi-well plate using pulse electron paramagnetic resonance imaging.Npj imaging · 2024Article
- Engineering metabolism to modulate immunity.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Hypoxia is a major characteristic of the solid tumor microenvironment. To understand how chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-T cells) function in hypoxic conditions, we characterized CD19-specific and BCMA-specific human CAR-T cells generated in atmospheric (18% oxygen) and hypoxic (1% oxygen) culture for expansion, differentiation status, and CD4:CD8 ratio. CAR-T cells expanded to a much lower extent in 1% oxygen than in 18% oxygen. Hypoxic CAR-T cells also had a less differentiated phenotype and a higher CD4:CD8 ratio than atmospheric CAR-T cells. CAR-T cells were then added to antigen-positive and antigen-negative tumor cell lines at the same or lower oxygen level and characterized for cytotoxicity, cytokine and granzyme B secretion, and PD-1 upregulation. Atmospheric and hypoxic CAR-T cells exhibited comparable cytolytic activity and PD-1 upregulation; however, cytokine production and granzyme B release were greatly decreased in 1% oxygen, even when the CAR-T cells were generated in atmospheric culture. Together, these data show that at solid tumor oxygen levels, CAR-T cells are impaired in expansion, differentiation and cytokine production. These effects may contribute to the inability of CAR-T cells to eradicate solid tumors seen in many patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.