ArticleHealth literacy research and practice2019
A Readability Analysis of Online Cardiovascular Disease-Related Health Education Materials.
Article in Health literacy research and practice, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Comparative Evaluation of ChatGPT and Google Search Output for Caregiver Education in Tetralogy of Fallot.Cardiology and therapy · 2026Article
- Evaluating large language models for myocardial infarction public health education: a comparative study on information quality, transparency and readability.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Assessing the Readability and Quality of Web-Based Resources on Exercise Stress Testing: Cross-Sectional Readability and Quality Analysis.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Improving the Readability of Institutional Heart Failure-Related Patient Education Materials Using GPT-4: Observational Study.JMIR cardio · 2025Observational
- Artificial Intelligence in Peripheral Artery Disease Education: A Battle Between ChatGPT and Google Gemini.Cureus · 2025Article
- An Analysis of the Readability of Public-Facing Information Relating to Prevention of Infectious Diseases by Vaccination.British journal of biomedical science · 2025Article
- Development and validity of a booklet on myocardial revascularization for patient and caregiver education.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2025Article
- Development of an Audiovisual Tool on Peripheral Arterial Disease and Preliminary Suitability Assessment.Portuguese journal of public health · 2024Article
- Heart Disease Knowledge and Awareness in African American and Hispanic Women.Southern medical journal · 2023Article
- Health Information on Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis From Search Engines and Twitter: Readability Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- Assessing readability and comprehension of web-based patient education materials by American Heart Association (AHA) and CardioSmart online platform by American College of Cardiology (ACC): How useful are these websites for patient understanding?American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2023Article
- Health Literacy Analytics of Accessible Patient Resources in Cardiovascular Medicine: What are Patients Wanting to Know?Kansas journal of medicine · 2023Article
- Evidence-based health information about pulmonary embolism: Assessing the quality, usability and readability of online and offline patient information.PEC innovation · 2022Article
- Readability of Patient Educational Materials in Sports Medicine.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2022Article
- Assessment of the Readability and Quality of Online Patient Education Material for Chronic Medical Conditions.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Online Patient Education Materials Related to Lipoprotein(a): Readability Assessment.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Article
- Validation of an interactive electronic book for cardiovascular risk reduction in people living with HIV.Revista latino-americana de enfermagem · 2022Article
- Factors Affecting Engagement in Web-Based Health Care Patient Information: Narrative Review of the Literature.Journal of medical Internet research · 2021Review
- Carotid Endarterectomy Versus Carotid Artery Stenting: Survey of the Quality, Readability, and Treatment Preference of Carotid Artery Disease Websites.Interactive journal of medical research · 2020Article
- Readability of Online Patient Educational Materials for Coronary Artery Calcium Scans and Implications for Health Disparities.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOnline cardiovascular health materials are easily accessible with an Internet connection, but the readability of its content may limit practical use by patients.
objectiveThe goal of our study was to assess the readability of the most commonly searched Internet health education materials for cardiovascular diseases accessed via Google.
methodsWe selected 20 commonly searched cardiovascular disease terms: aneurysm, angina, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, deep vein thrombosis, heart attack, heart failure, high blood pressure, pericardial disease, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic heart disease, stroke, sudden death, valvular heart disease, mini-stroke, lower extremity edema, pulmonary embolism, and exertional dyspnea. Terms were selected on Google and selected up to 10 results in order of presentation in the search results by reviewing a maximum of 15 pages of Google search results specifically providing education toward patients to yield 196 total patient education articles. KEY
resultsAll readability measures assessing grade level measures found the 196 articles were written at a mean 10.9 (
conclusionsGiven the prominent use of online patient education material, we consider readability as a quality metric that should be evaluated prior to online publication of any health education materials. Further study of how to improve the readability of online materials may enhance patient education, engagement, and health outcomes.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.