Contrasting endemism in pond-dwelling cyclic parthenogens: the Daphnia curvirostris species group (Crustacea: Cladocera).

Pond-dwelling cyclic parthenogens are often proposed to be highly vagile. However, the Holarctic biogeography of parthenogens has been hampered by very limited sampling in the eastern Palearctic. Here we examine the geographic boundaries, diversity, and connectivity across the Palearctic for the Daphnia curvirostris complex (Cladocera: Daphniidae). Nuclear (HSP90) and mitochondrial (ND2) sequence data supported the existence of five main clades (most of which corresponded to presumptive species) with one eastern Palearctic clade being novel to this study (the average mitochondrial genetic divergence from known species was 19.2%). D. curvirostris s.s. was geographically widespread in the Palearctic, with a population genetic signature consistent with postglacial expansion. The Eastern Palearctic had local nine endemic species and/or subclades (other Holarctic regions lacked more than one endemic subclade). Even though several endemic species appeared to have survived Pleistocene glaciation in the eastern Palearctic, much of the Palearctic has been recolonized by D. curvirostris s.str. from a Western Palearctic refugium. A disjunct population in Mexico also shared its haplotypes with D. curvirostris s.str., consistent with a recent introduction. The only apparently endemic North American lineage was detected in a thermally disturbed pond system in northwestern Alaska. Our results for pond-dwelling cyclic parthenogens further support the hypothesis that the Eastern Palearctic is a diversity hotspot for freshwater invertebrates.